Chem final definitions

protein hydrolysis

a reaction that separates a protein into its individual amino acid residues

enkephalins

neuropeptides that act as painkillers and sedatives by binding to pain receptors in the brain

peptide

biomolecules formed by linking fewer than 40 amino acid residues together

β-pleated sheet

a 3D shape that is formed when two or more peptide chains line up side-by-side

oxytocin

a peptide hormone that stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles

α-keratin

proteins found in hair, hooves, nails, and skin

collagen

proteins found in connective tissue

denaturation

a process that alters the shape of a protein without breaking the peptide bonds between residues

vasopressin

a peptide hormone that targets the kidneys and regulates the level of electrolytes in the body

tertiary structure

the shape adopted by the entire peptide chain of a protein

globular proteins

coiled peptide chains that form compact shapes with a hydrophilic outer surface, making them water soluble

zwitterion

a molecule that has both a positive and negative charge

α-helix

a 3D shape that is formed when a peptide chain twists into a clockwise spiral

quaternary structure

the shape adopted when two or more peptide chains of the same protein come together

myoglobin

protein that stores oxygen in tissues

primary structure

the particular sequence of amino acid residues in a protein that are joined together by peptide bonds

amino acid

a molecule that contains both and amino group and a carboxyl group

secondary structure

a proteins 3D arrangement of localized regions

hemoglobin

protein that transports oxygen throughout the body

fibrous proteins

linear peptide chains that are bundled together in water-insoluble rods or sheets

proteins

biomolecules that contain many amide bonds; formed by joining 40 or more amino acids together

carbohydrate

monosaccharide

disaccharide

polysaccharide

anomer

glycosidic linkage

acyl substitution

unsaturated

stereoisomers

oxidation

chirality

enantiomers

chiral center

diastereomers

reduction

organic chemistry

heteroatom

orbital overlap

hybrid orbitals

sigma bond

pi bond

constitutional isomer