Diseases of Livestock Chapter 1-4

Syndrome or Pattern Recognition Method

Few diagnostics needed, based off of the vets previous experience, clinical signs, and typical disease patterns observed in similar cases

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

Making a list of potential causes and testing against them, treating the most likely cause

Algorithm Method

Follows a predetermined list of questions, reduces the risk of errors

Key Abnormality Method

1. Determine the abnormality preset

2. Determine the system or organ effected

3. Determine where the lesion is located

4. Determine the specific type of lesion

5. Determine the specific cause

Database Method

Compare identified problems to diagnostic database, use SOAPs to track progress

Important things when taking a history

Establish a time line, confirm all animal identification, determine disease history, determine prior treatment, past travel/transit, management,

Animal Examination Steps

General Inspection, Inspection of Regions from a Distance, Close Physical Exam, Diagnostics

Normal Temp for a Cow

101.5

Normal Temp for a Horse

100.5

Normal Temp for a Sheep/Pig

102

Normal Temp for a Goat

103

Resting Resp Rate for a Horse

8-16bpm

Resting Resp for a Cow

10-30bpm

Resting Resp Rate for a Goat

25-35bpm

Resting Resp for Sheep/Pig

10-20bpm

Resting Heart Rate for an Adult Cow

60-80bpm

Resting Heart Rate for Adult Horse

30-40bpm

Resting Heart Rate Sheep/Goats/Pigs

70-90bpm

Resting Heart Rate Calves

100-120bpm

Resting Heart Rate Foals

70-80bpm

Sensitivity

Degree of True Pos

Specificity

Degree of True Negs

Biosecurity

Efforts intended to prevent introduction of infectious agents onto an operation in which the agents are not present

Biocontainment

Practices intended to minimize transmission of disease-causing agents that are already present

Biohazard

Any material of biological origin that may be hazardous to animals or humans that contact the material

Number of days that an animal should be isolated before being introduced to the herd

14-28 days

Alcohols

Acts fast, Safe on Skin, Deactivated by Organic Material

Aldehydes

Broad spectrum

Carcinogenic and Toxic

Chlorohexidine

Antibacterial

Safe on Skin

Not good for viruses

Halogen Chlorine (Bleach)

Broad Spectrum

Good for Foot Baths

Can be Corrosive

Oxidizing Agents (Hydrogen Peroxide)

Broad Spectrum

Avoid Contact with Skin

Inactivated by Soaps and Sunlight

Quaternary Ammonium Agents

Doesn’t work on nonenveloped viruses

Deactivated by organic materials

Homeothermic

Maintaining a constant body temperature

Methods of Heat Gain

Radiation, Convection, Conduction, Metabolic Activity

Methods of Heat Loss

Radiation, Convection, Conduction, Evaporation, Defacation, Urination,

Shivering Thermogenisis

Physical movement caused by the response to cold ambient temperature

Nonshivering Thermogenisis

Neonatal metabolism of brown fat regulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Which species cannot use nonshivering thermogenisis

Pigs

Hypothermia

Exposure to Low environmental temperatures

Hyperthermia

Exposure to High environmental temperatures

Hypothermia is caused by…

Excessing loss or ineffective production

What is the major source of heat in cold thermogenisis?

Lipids

Major Causes of Neonatal Hypothermia

Insufficiant colostrum, low ambient temperature, dystocia, wetness of hair/skin,

Major Locations for Hypothermia

Extremities, Udders, Tails, Ears, Any Exposed Skin

Signs of Hyperthermia

Temperature above 7F normal body temp, increased heart rate while weak pulse, increased resp rate, restless or dull mentation, initial sweating or salivation that eventually stops

Treatment of Hyperthermia

Provide drinking water, shade, air movement, cool the ventral window (armpits)

Fever (Pyrexia)

Elevated body temperature without elevated ambient temperature, can be septic or aseptic,

Types of endogenous pyrogen (fever causers)

Interluken-1. Cytokines

Types of exogenous pyrogen (fever causers)

Heboglobinemia, pathogens, certain antigen-antibody complexes,

Albumin

The negative phase protein, tends to decrease after calving

Hypovolemic

Type of shock that comes from a loss of blood, plasma, or water

Obstructive

Type of shock that comes from an inability to return blood to the heart due to a blockage

Hemmoragic

Type of shock that occurs from a loss of 35% or more of the total blood content

Maldistributive

Type of shock that occurs from blood pooling in third spaces such as the abdomen

Local Anesthetics type Analgesics

Lidocaine

NSAID type analgesics

Banamine, Bute. Meloxicam,

GABA type Analgesics

Gabapentin

Opioid type Analgesics

Morphine, Butorphanol,

Alpha-2 agonist type Analgesics

Xylazine

NMDA Receptor Antagonist type Analgestic

Ketamine