Information Mnagement - DataBase

QUIZ-1

Information Management

It is the systematic collection, storage, organization, management, and use of information throughout its lifecycle to support organizational goals.

Systematic

In IM, it is random filling. it relies on rules, standards, and architetures (which is where database come in).

Lifecycle

The information is born, it ages, it is used, and eventually, it must be destroyed or archived.

Organizational goal

Crucial point for IT / CS students. We do not build databases just because it is cool. We build them to solved business problems, save money, and generate revenue?

Alignment of business needs <--> IT Capabilities

Fomula of IM

People, Processes, Technology

The Three Pillars of IM

People (The actors)

The users who create data, the admins who secure it, and the managers who make decisions based on it.

Processes (The rules)

The rules and workflows that tells the people on how to use and manage the system.

Technology (The Equipments)

The hardware, software, networks, and DBMS. The tool used to make the information system work

Information Technology

Focuses on the pipes. Managing hardware, networks, and software infrastructure.

Information technology

Is the network up and running? (IT vs IM vs KM)

Information management

Focuses on the water flowing through the pipes. Managing the data itself, its quality, security, and lifecycle.

Information management

Is data accurate and secure? (IT vs IM vs KM)

Knowledge management

Focuses on human expertice. Capturing the unwritten "know-how" of veteran employees before they retire

knowledge management

How do we retain the know-how of retiring veterans (IT vs IM vs KM)

Tacit Knowledge

knowledge in someone's head.

Explicit knowledge

Knowledge that is written/documented.

new oil

Reference the saying: Data is what?

It’s refind into information and knowledge

Raw data is useless until?

Efficiency of Operation

Using information to make work faster, easier, and more efficient.
e.g.

Automating inventory reorders so a store never runs out of stock.

Customer service

Using information about customers to give them better or more personalized service.

e.g.

Netflix looks at what you watch and recommends movies you might like.

Compliance / Accountability

Using information to follow laws and regulations and keep accurate records.

e.g

A company keeps accurate financial records for the BIR or SEC and protects personal information according to the Data Privacy Act (RA 10173).

Competitive Advantage

Using information to do something better or differently than competitors.

e.g.

A telecom company analyzes customer behavior and discovers that many people make calls from 10 PM–2 AM. It creates a special midnight promo.

Operational Control (Daily / Routine)

What is happening today?

Who: Front-line workers, supervisors.

Information needed: Highly detailed, real-time, internal.

"Do we have enough receipt paper for the cash register today?"
"Which students are absent today?"

Bottom layer

What layer is Operational Control?

Tactical management (Short-to-medium term)

Are we doing well, and what needs to be improved?

Who: Middle managers, department heads.

Information needed: Summarized, comparative, exception-based.

"Did the IT department exceed its software budget this quarter compared to last quarter?"

"Which subjects have the highest failure rates?"

Middle layer

What layer is Tactical Management?

Strategic Planning (Long-term)

Where should the organization go in the future?

Who: C-Level Executives (CEO, CIO, Board of Directors).

Information needed: Highly aggregated, future-oriented, often incorporating external data (market trends, economy).
"Should our university open a new campus in another province in the next 5 years?"

Top Layer

What layer is Strategic planning?

 Pre-Computer Era (Before 1950s)

• The Reality: Paper-based, manual filing cabinets, physical ledgers.

• The Problem: Retrieval was painfully slow. Data was isolated in different physical rooms (the origins of "Data Silo").

• If a building caught fire, the organization's memory was gone forever.

Data silo

is information that is isolated and difficult to access or share with other systems/departments.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) (1950s–1960s)

• The Tech: Mainframes, punch cards, magnetic tape.

• The Focus: Automating highly repetitive, manual tasks (Payroll, billing, inventory counting).

• The Limitation: "Batch processing." You fed the machine all day, and it printed a report overnight. No real-time data. Files were strictly isolated (the HR file couldn't talk to the Payroll file).

Batch processing

Processing collected data all at once, usually later

The Database Era & MIS (1970s–1980s)

• The Game Changer: 1970 - Edgar F. Codd publishes the Relational Model. (Tell the students: "Remember this name. We will spend weeks studying his rules in the Midterm period.")

• The Shift: Moving from rigid, tree-like structures (Hierarchical/Network models) to flexible, mathematically sound tables (Relational model).

• Rise of MIS: Management Information Systems emerge. Computers are no longer just for "calculating math"; they are for "managing business."

Relational Model

Data organized into related tables - Edgar F. Codd

1970 - Edgar F. Codd

He introduced Relational Model

The Internet & Enterprise Era (1990s)

• The Tech: The World Wide Web, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning like SAP/Oracle), Data Warehouses.

• The Shift: Breaking down data silos. An ERP system forces HR, Sales, and Accounting to use one centralized database. Data Warehousing allows companies to store 10 years of historical data to look for long-term trends.

Data Warehousing

Allows companies to store 10 years of historical data to look for long-term trends.

The Modern Era: Cloud, Big Data, & AI (2000s–Present)

• The Tech: Cloud computing (AWS, Azure), NoSQL databases, Artificial Intelligence.

• The Shift: Volume, Velocity, and Variety (The 3 V's of Big Data). We are no longer just managing structured tables; we are managing social media feeds, IoT sensor data, and live video streams. IM is now a strategic, boardroom-level discipline.

Volume, Velocity, and Variety

What are the 3 V’s of big data in modern era(2000)?

Data (The Raw Material)

Objective, raw facts, figures, signals. No context.

Example: 87

Information (The Contextualized Data)

Data that has been processed, organized, or structured to provide meaning. Answers "Who, What, Where, When."

Knowledge (The Pattern & Experience)

The synthesis of information with experience, context, and rules. It identifies patterns and answers "How" and "Why."

• Example: "Historically, students who score below 90 in the prelim database exams struggle with SQL Normalization later in the semester. Maria is currently at risk."

Wisdom (The Actionable Judgment)

The ethical, practical, and strategic application of knowledge to make a decision or predict the future.

• Example: "I will schedule a one-on-one consultation with Maria this week and provide her with extra SQL normalization worksheets so she doesn't fail the course."

Collection

In steps for transformation, what step gathers raw data?

Processing

In steps for transformation, what step sorting, filtering, calculating(SQL query).

Analysis

In steps for transformation, what step about finding trends, grouping, aggregating (Data mining).

Dissemination

In steps for transformation, what step about dashboards, reports, alerts (The user interface).

Giving the useful information to the people who need it.