psychology 67
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What is the difference between sensory memory and short term memory
Holds info for about 0.2 to 3 seconds and short term memory holds about 7 items for 15 to 30 seconds
What is sensory memory
Fast memory that keeps sights and sounds for about 0.2 to 1 second
What is short term memory
Stores about 7 plus or minus 2 items for about 15 to 30 seconds
What is iconic memory
Visual sensory memory that lasts about 0.5 seconds
Give an example of iconic memory
You look at a picture then close your eyes and still see it for about 0.5 seconds
How long does iconic memory last
0.5 seconds
Who studied iconic memory
George Sperling in 1960
How did Sperling test iconic memory
He flashed 12 letters for 0.05 seconds then asked people to report them
What is whole report
When people try to say all 12 letters and remember about 4 to 5 letters
What is partial report
When a tone shows which row to say and people remember about 3 of 4 letters in that row
What did Sperling show about capacity of iconic memory
People take in almost all 12 letters but cannot report them
What did Sperling show about duration of iconic memory
The memory fades in less than 1 second
What causes forgetting in short term memory
From decay after about 15 to 30 seconds and from interference when new info pushes old info out
How many items fit in short term memory
About 7 plus or minus 2 items
What is chunking
Grouping things into bigger pieces so you can remember more
How does chunking help memory
Makes 7 spots hold 7 chunks instead of 7 single items
What is long term memory
Stores unlimited info for hours days years or life
How do we forget in long term memory
We cannot find the memory or other memories interfere
What is the phonological loop
Stores sounds and words in working memory for about 2 seconds
What is the visuospatial sketchpad
Holds pictures and locations in your mind for a short time
What is episodic memory
Remembering life events like birthdays
What is semantic memory
Remembering facts like knowing the capital of a state
What is procedural memory
Remembering how to do things like ride a bike
What is semantic encoding
Remembering by thinking about meaning
What is visual imagery encoding
Remembering by making mental pictures
What is organizational encoding
Remembering by grouping information by category
What is distributed practice
Studying over time and it works better than cramming
What is explicit memory
Memory you can talk about like facts or events
What is implicit memory
Memory you do without thinking like riding a bike
What is a retrieval cue
Something that helps you remember a memory like a smell reminding you of home
How does retrieval help memory
Makes it stronger by providing prompts or cues that trigger recall
How can retrieval hurt memory
Can make you forget other info called retrieval induced forgetting
How can retrieval change memory
By filling in missing parts or altering details based on new information or context.
What is decay theory
Says memories fade over time if not used
What is interference theory
Says new info blocks old info or old info blocks new info
What is amnesia
Means memory loss
What is retrograde amnesia
Means you cannot remember old memories from before injury
What is anterograde amnesia
You cannot make new long term memories after injury
What memories do amnesics keep
They keep procedural skills like walking and riding a bike
What is priming
Seeing something makes you quicker to recognize it later
What does the hippocampus do
Makes new episodic memories and helps build semantic memories
How do we imagine the future
Using episodic memory to picture events that did not happen yet
What is habituation
Getting used to something so you react less
What is sensitization
Reacting more after something painful or scary
What is classical conditioning
Learning by linking two things like a bell and food
What did Pavlov do
Rang a bell then gave dogs food and they learned to drool to the bell
What is an unconditioned stimulus
Something that naturally causes a response like food
What is an unconditioned response
Natural reaction like drooling
What is a conditioned stimulus
Becomes a signal for something else after learning.
What is a conditioned response
Learned reaction like drooling to the bell
What is second order conditioning
When a new thing like a light is paired with the bell and then causes drooling
What is stimulus generalization
Similar things cause the same response
What is stimulus discrimination
Means only one specific signal causes the response
What is extinction in classical conditioning
When the learned response fades when the bell happens without food
What is spontaneous recovery
When the learned response comes back after extinction
What is operant conditioning
Learning from consequences of voluntary behavior
What is positive reinforcement
Gives something good to increase behavior
What is negative reinforcement
Removes something bad to increase behavior
What is punishment
Gives something aversive or removes something desirable to decrease behavior.
What is shaping
Rewarding small steps to teach a behavior like teaching a dog to roll over in parts
What is a reinforcement schedule
How often a reward is given
What is continuous reinforcement
Gives a reward every time
What is partial reinforcement
Gives a reward sometimes
What is learned in conditioned inhibition?
Learning that a CS predicts the absence of US, expressed by suppression of CR.
What were Thorndike’s experiments
Cats in puzzle boxes learned behaviors leading to reward
What is a discriminative stimulus
a cue or signal in the environment that tells an organism that a particular behavior will be reinforced if it is performed
Increases the likelihood of a behavior
Gives a reward after a set amount of time, for example a weekly paycheck, it produces responses that increase near the reward and moderate extinction
Gives a reward after an unpredictable amount of time for example a random quiz it produces steady responding and slow extinction
Natural limits on what animals or people can easily learn. Example: Animals can quickly learn that a certain food makes them sick but cannot easily learn that a light or sound makes them sick.
What is observational learning, why is it called modeling, and when is it likely
Learning by watching others, it is called modeling because behavior is imitated, and it occurs when the observer can pay attention, remember reproduce behavior, and is motivated
What is the law of effect
States behaviors with positive outcomes increase