ch 9 phylogenetics

Outline a brief history of systematics

Use the Doctorine of signatures

Known as medieval herbals

Understand the importance of Linnaeus

Karl Linnaeus was the father of taxonomy

Interpret taxonomy and some rules

Taxonomy: science of biological classification, how organisms assigned to taxa. We strive to have utility (groups show have short of significance) and monophyly (consist of a MRCA (most recent common ancestor) and all descendants).

Nomenclature: process by which taxa named, has rules
Rules:

1. Taxa are arranged in hierarchical ranks

2. Names are treated as if Latin regardless of origin

3. Species name are binomials
   

Interpert phylogenetic trees

Phylogenetics: study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

Define basic terminology

Terminal - taxonomic group (like species or gene) species A - D and the output are all terminals
Branches - lines in tree that connect terminals to nodes or one node to another
Nodes - where branches intersect; represent ancestors of all terminal taxa that descend from them
Outgroup - taxon outside group of interest
MRCA - most recent common ancestor shared by group of terminals
Clades - natural groups of organisms, genes, proteins in tree
Character - feature common to all terminals sampled
Character state - what a character looks like in an individual

Understand relative branching order

Differentiate mono, poly, paraphyletic

Mono - common ancestor and all descendants included, accurate
Para - common ancestor included, but not all descendants, incomplete
Poly - common ancestor and all descendants not included, not accurate

Classify phylogenetic charcters

Differentiate morphological

Analyze molecular markers

Discuss the principle of parisomony

Understand what phylogenetic trees can be used for

Investigate classifications/relations

Distinguish homology from analogy

Discuss molecular clocks (briefly)