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urbanization
the process where an increasing percentage of a population moves to and lives in urban areas leading to the growth and expansion of cities
example of urbanization
migrants moving from rural regions to seek better economic opportunities
megacities
an urban area with a population exceeding 10 million people
example of megacities
Tokyo, Shanghai, Manila, and New York City
metacities
A very large urban area with a population exceeding 20 million
example of metacities
London, UK and Tokyo, Japan
periphery
regions that are often economically and politically disadvantaged compared to more developed areas
example of periphery
D.R. of Congo
semi-periphery
countries that are not as economically developed as core nations, but are more developed than periphery countries
example of semi-periphery
Mexico
suburbanization
The process where people move from urban areas to the outskirts of suburbs
example of suburbanization
Levittown, New York
sprawl
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land
example of sprawl
Atlanta, Georgia or Phoenix, Arizona
decentralization
The process of moving power authority, and resources away from central authority
Example of decentralization
The movement of businesses away from a central city into suburban areas
edge cities
a large city that's located in the suburbs or on the outskirts of a metropolitan area
example of edge cities
Boston, MA and Nashville, TN
Exurbs
residential, prosperous, but rural areas beyond the suburbs
example of exurbs
Atlanta, Georgia
boomburbs
A large, rapidly growing suburb city that maintains a suburban character even as its population expands to size comparable to a major urban core
example of boomburbs
Irvine, California
World cities
a major urban center that functions as a key hub for global, economic, cultural, and political activities
example of world cities
London and Tokyo
Worlds urban hierarchy
A ranking system of cities based on their global, economic, and cultural significance
example of world urban Hierarchy
London, Tokyo, and New York City are at the top
Rank size rule
a pattern where a country's cities are arranged in a hierarchy, with the second-largest city having about half the population of the largest, the third-largest having one-third, and so on
Primate city
The largest city in a country, significantly larger than any other city in the nation
Example of primate city
Paris, France
Gravity model
A concept that predicts the interaction between two places based on their population size and the distance separating them
Example of gravity model
Comparing the interaction between New York City and Los Angeles versus New York City and Mexico City
worlds urban hierarchy
categorizes cities into levels such as global cities, regional cities, and local towns based on their influence and functionality
christaller’s central place theory
explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. The model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements.
burgess concentric-zone model
describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district; proposed in the 1920s
hoyt's sector model
a model that suggested that cities develop in sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district (CBD) rather than in concentric circles; emphasizes that certain areas of a city are more likely to attract specific types of land use and socio-economic classes, influenced by factors such as transportation routes and social dynamics.
Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model
a model that suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes. The characteristics of each node either attracted or repelled certain types of activities. The result was a city that consisted of a patchwork of land uses, each with its own center, or nucleus.
Galactic City Model
the structure of urban areas that develop around a central city, characterized by the presence of peripheral suburbs and edge cities
Bid-Rent Theory
as one moves away from the central business district, the price of land decreases
Griffin Ford Model
a theoretical framework that explains the internal structure of cities, particularly in Latin America. This model highlights the spatial distribution of wealth and services within a city and how they interact with each other.
The McGee Model
describes the urban structure of certain Southeast Asian cities. This model highlights the lack of a strong central business district, instead presenting multiple nodes of activity, with a focus on the importance of the port and the presence of commercial and residential zones that develop around it.
Sub-Saharan African City Model
includes three CBDs: a colonial CBD: characterized by vertical development, including multi-story buildings. a traditional CBD: a zone of single-story buildings. a market CBD: an open-air, informal trading area.
Residential Buildings
structures designed primarily for people to live in, encompassing a variety of forms
Example of residential buildings
single-family homes, multi-family apartments, and condominiums.
infilling
the process of developing vacant or underutilized land within existing urban areas, aiming to make better use of already developed spaces.
example of infilling
redevelopment of a vacant lot in a city center to build new apartments or mixed-use buildings
infrastructure
the facilities and systems that serve the population
example of infrastructure
transportation features, such as roads, bridges, parking lots, and signs and communications features such as cell phone towers, television cables, and Internet service
sustainable design initiatives
urban planning strategies aimed at creating environmentally friendly cities
example of sustainable design initiatives
reducing sprawl (uncontrolled urban expansion), promoting walkability, and increasing public transportation
zoning
legal process used by local governments to regulate land use and development within specific areas of a city
example of zoning
residential zoning (for homes), commercial zoning (for businesses), and industrial zoning (for factories).
mixed land use
the planning and development of urban spaces that integrate residential, commercial, and recreational areas within close proximity
example of mixed land use
a building where the ground floor is occupied by retail shops and restaurants, while the upper floors are used for residential apartments
walkability
the measure of how friendly an area is to walking
example of walkability
when neighborhoods are designed with pedestrian-friendly features like sidewalks, parks, and public spaces, people are more likely to walk and encounter others.
transportation-oriented development
helps reduce traffic congestion by encouraging people to use public transportation instead of personal vehicles
example of transportation-oriented development
We go buses in nashville
smart growth policies
encourage mixed-use developments where residential, commercial, and recreational spaces are integrated to reduce travel time and promote walkability
example of smart growth policies
promoting mixed-use development, walkable neighborhoods, and access to public transportation
New Urbanism
New Urbanism aims to reduce reliance on cars by promoting alternative transportation options like biking, walking, and public transit.
greenbelts
places and infrastructure that limit the sprawl of an urban center
example of greenbelts
parks and agriculture
slow growth cities
Cities that have a smaller growth rate than the average.
example of slow growth cities
Portland, a european country with greenbelts
De Facto Segregation
Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement.
example of De Facto Segregation
residential and school segregation
housing discrimination
The illegal practice of denying an individual or group the right to buy or rent a home based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability or family status.
redlining
Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications of applicants
blockbusting
when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood.
example of blockbusting
In U.S. history, often middle-class White families left when African American or Hispanic families moved into neighborhood.
affordability
the ability of individuals or groups to purchase goods and services without financial strain, particularly focusing on essential resources like housing, healthcare, and education
example of affordability
a city implementing policies like rent control or public housing to ensure low-income residents can afford housing
disamenity zones
areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals. They are often in physically unsafe locations, such as on steep, unstable mountain slopes. Structures are poorly constructed, often by the residents themselves, and densely packed together.
example of disamenity zone
Villa El Salvador in Lima, Peru, a very poor place in Lima, Peru
squatter settlements
a collection of buildings, often on the periphery of a city, where residents lack legal rights to the land they occupy, typically arising due to a lack of affordable housing options. meaning, they are living there illegally.
example of squatter settlements
One of the largest informal settlement in the world is Kibera, on the western edge of Nairobi, Kenya.
