charts

Herpes Zoster: cause

Viral disease of the spinal ganglia caused by reactivation of chickenpox

Herpes Zoster: symptoms

• skin lesions (shingles)

• sensory neuropathy which may cause muscle weakness

Herpes Zoster: location

• lateral cutaneous nerves

• innervates strip of skin (dermatome)

Clavicular fracture: what could it cause

brachial plexus and subclavian vessel injury

Most common bone fraction

clavicular fracture

Clavicular fracture: weakest point

is at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds. Medial to acromial end

Lower Rib fracture: can cause injury to

internal organs like spleen and liver or tear diaphragm

Middle Ribs fracture: cause

result of a blow or crushing injury

Middle ribs fracture: weakest part

anterior to its angle

Partial ossification of xiphoid process looks like

lump in the pit of the stomach, often mistaken for a tumor

Sternal foramen: what is it?

Result of incomplete fusion of fetal sternal plates

sternal foramen: mistaken for

bullet wound

Thoracic outlet syndrome: what is affected

Structures that emerge through superior thoracic aperture being affected by obstructions in the root of the neck

Thoracic outlet syndrome: located

superior thoracic aperture and upper limb

Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: what does it cause?

compression of arteries

Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: symptoms

lack of blood flow, cold, cyanotic

Nervous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: what does it cause?

compression of brachial plexus

Nervous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: symptoms

numbness

Long thoracic nerve paralysis: symptoms

difficulty breathing and moving arm

Intercostal nerve block: what is it?

Introduction of an anesthetic agent around intercostal nerve and nerve collateral

Intercostal nerve block: symptoms

produces anesthesia of an intercostal space

Intercostal nerve block: location

Intercostal nerve and nerve collaterals

Carcinoma of the breast: symptoms

• Deviation of the nipple

• Thick, leathery skin between dimpled pores

• Large dimples

• Inversion of nipple

Hemiparalysis of diaphragm: cause

injury to phrenic nerve

Hemiparalysis of diaphragm: symptoms

paradoxical movement

Pneumothorax: what is it

air surrounding lung

Atelactisis: what is it?

collapsed lung

Bronchial and pulmonary disorders: causes

tumor and abscesses

Bronchial and pulmonary disorders: location

Bronchopulmonary segment

Bronchial and pulmonary disorders: treatments

Surgical resection - segmentectomy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy

Acute respiratory distress: causes a

major decrease in oxygenation of blood

Acute respiratory distress: symptoms

Blockage of blood flow to the lung

Pulmonary embolism: what is it?

Obstruction of pulmonary artery by a blood clot

Pulmonary embolism: what happens?

Partial or complete loss of blood flow to the lung

Pulmonary embolism: most common clot origin

superficial veins of lower extremities

Bronchogenic carcinoma: signs

enlargement of supraclavicular nodes

Bronchogenic carcinoma: occurs when

malignant tumors forms

Bronchogenic carcinoma: location

Bronchopulmonary nodes (sentinel nodes)

Pleural adhesions: what is it?

an abnormal band of scar tissue that connects the two layers of the pleura

Pleural adhesions: what can it cause?

lymphatic vessels of the lung to drain into axillary nodes

Irritation of pleura: what can it present as?

Local or referred pain to the dermatome supplied by the same spinal cord segment

Pericarditis: when can it be detected?

you will hear a “rub” during auscultation

Pericarditis: symptoms

chest pain and pericardial friction rub

Chronically inflamed pericardium: caused by

viral  infection, autoimmune disease (lupus) 

Chronically inflamed pericardium: may cause

pericardial effusion and decrease the efficiency of heart due to compression caused by cardiac tamponade 

Cardiac tamponade: what is it?

fluid accumulating in sac around the heart

Cardiac tamponade: symptoms

hypotension, shock, death

Cardiac tamponade: location

Pericardium

Cardiac tamponade: treatment

pericardiocentesis

Coronary artery disease: caused by

• Fat accumulates in arteries : atherosclerosis “cholesterol”

• Leading cause of death

Coronary artery disease: results in

decreased blood flow to the heart

Coronary atherosclerosis: caused by

Slow buildup of lumen-occluding plaque in a coronary artery

Coronary atherosclerosis: most common location

• anterior interventricular (widow maker)

• right coronary

• circumflex

Coronary atherosclerosis: treatments

• PTCA (angioplasty- ballon)

• Stent

• Coronary bypass: when 3 or more arteries blocked or age risk

Atrial Septal Defect: what is it?

incomplete closure of oval foramen. mixing of oxygen rich and poor blood

Atrial Septal Defect: common in

down syndrome

Atrial Septal Defect: what can you hear upon auscultation

murmur

Atrial Septal Defect: location

atrial septum- wall separates 2 upper chambers

Ventricular Septal Defect: how is it acquried?

congenital

Ventricular Septal Defect: causes a

left-to-right shunt, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and potential heart failure.

Ventricular Septal Defect: symptoms of a large defect

baby turning cyanotic during crying or feeding

Ventricular Septal Defect: symptoms in a small hole

no symptoms

Ventricular Septal Defect: most common location

membranous part of interventricular septum

Compensatory hypertrophy (HTN): what is it?

Myocardium responds to increased demands by increasing the size of its muscle fibers

Myocardial infarction: also known as

heart attack

Myocardial infarction: what happens

muscle cells become necrotic and do not regenerate

Thrombi: what is is?

clots that form on the walls of the left atrium in certain heart disease

Thrombi: what happens if they detach

may pass into systemic circulation and occlude peripheral arteries (brain → CVA)

Stroke or CVA: what is it?

Occlusion of an artery supplying the brain

Large Shunt: what does it do?

increases pulmonary blood flow

Large shunt: can cause

severe pulmonary disease (hypertension or increased BP) or may cause cardiac failure

Valvular heart disease: can cause

stenosis or insufficiency → regurgitation

Valvular heart disease: treatment

valvuloplasty

Insufficiency or regurgitation: can cause

failure of valve to close completely

Insufficiency or regurgitation: locations

Tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, pulmonary

Sinoatrial Node failure: what happens?

AV node becomes temporary pacemaker if SA node fails

Sinoatrial Node failure: symptoms

bradycardia (40-60bpm)

Compromised blood supply: can cause

damage to the conduction system of the heart

Compromised blood supply: can lead to

• Disturbances of muscle contraction 

• Vascular problems can lead to electrical problems

Damage to AV node: results in

heart block because the atrial excitation wave does not reach the ventricle

Damage to AV node: what happens to ventricles

contract at their own slower rate

Damage to AV node: treatment

Artificial pacemaker is inserted subcutaneously connected directly to trabeculae carneae of the right ventricle

Thymus-infants: can cause

compression of trachea

Thymus-infants: symtoms

difficulty breathing

Aneurysm: what is it?

localized dilation- defect in wall

Coarctation of the aorta: what is it?

Arch of the aorta or descending aorta has stenosis that diminishes the caliber of the aortic lumen producing an obstruction to blood flow to the inferior part of the body

Coarctation of the aorta: can cause

Hypertension in upper part of the body and hypotension in lower extremities

Coarctation of the aorta: most common location

Ligamentum arteriosum

Hiatal hernia: what is it?

stomach passes through the hole in the diaphragm into thoracic cavity

Hiatal hernia: symptoms

Acid reflux/GERD

Laceration of thoracic duct: results in

lymph escaping into the thoracic cavity

Laceration of thoracic duct: treatment

Thoracocentesis or duct ligation

Obstructions of either superior or inferior vena cava: treatment

Azygos system of veins offers a bypass route for venous drainage from thoracic, abdominal and back regions

Fracture of the scapula: how does it happen?

severe trauma

Fracture of scapula: treatment

Requires little treatment because the scapula is covered in muscles

Humeral fractures: location

surgical neck

Humeral fracture: how does it happen?

falls

Humeral fracture: results in what type of fracture

impacted fracture; one bone fragment is driven into another

Avulsion fraction: caused by

fall on acromion

Avulsion fracture: what happens

greater tubercle is pulled away from hummerus