Functions of the lymphatic system
House and support immune cells
Filter tissue for non-self (foreign) content
In intestines: absorb dietary fat
Lymph fluid
Identical to interstitial fluid
Lymph nodes
Monitoring lymph fluid
Traps microbes for destruction
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Nodules at frequent entry points for antigens
Tonsils
Payer Patch (small intestines)
Components of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Lymphocytes
Peyer’s Patches
Lymph vessels
Interstitum: absorb protein and water from interstitum and transport it to the cardiovascular circulation
Intestines: absorb protein, fat, and fat soluble vitamins
Immunological functions of lymphatic organs
Lymphocytes (WBCs) are stored in lymph nodes
Lymphocytes
Have the ability to recognize foreign cells, substances, microbes, and cancer cells and respond to them (i.e. destroy and eliminate them from the body)
Lymph vs. cardiovascular system (direction, liters/day, movement, obstruction, filtration)
Lymph:
One way
4 liters/day
Fluid moved by intrinsic contractions of lymph collectors
Obstruction leads to buildup of high-protein fluid
Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes
Circulatory:
Circular
7200 liters/day
Fluid moved by central pump (heart) and calf muscle pumps
Obstruction leads to buildup of low-protein fluid
Blood is filtered by kidneys and liver
The lymphatic connection: responsibilities of lymphatic system
Maintain fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to the venous side of the CV system
Assist the CV system in distributing nutrients and hormones, and removal of waste products from tissues
Help recent infection and disease by utilizing lymphocytes
Lymph node functions
Filter material
Branching of node causes slowing of fluid allowing increased success of phagocytosis
Storage
Storage of WBCs
Regulation of protein concentration
Absorbs water to maintain protein concentration
Lymphatic system + edema prevention
The lymphatic system transports fluid (lymph) from the interstituim (tissue) back into the system circulation
This prevents fluid accumulation (edema) in tissues.
Most important is removal of protein molecules from the tissue because they cannot be removed by absorption directly into blood capillaries
What are lymph capillaries in the small intestine called?
Lacteals
Lymphatic system + fat and vitamins
Lymph capillaries of the small intestine (called lacteals) absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins
Lymphatic system + immune surveillance
Lymphatic system circulates lymphocytes and other WBCs and makes them available to fight off bacteria and viruses that are potentially harmful to the human body
What is the most important process for the nourishment of tissues? (This will be on the exam!)
Diffusion
Diffusion
Tendency of molecules of a substance (gaseous or liquid) to move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration in an attempt to equalize the concentration of molecules in both regions
Reabsorption
The flow of fluids from the interstitium to the capillaries
What determines the direction of flow in reabsorption?
Direction of flow is dependent on the difference in pressure within the capillaries and the interstitium
If BCP > COPP, filtration will occur
If COPP > BCP, reabsorption will occur
Staring forces: pressures at play in reabsorption
Blood capillary pressure/hydrostatic pressure (BCP)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COPP)
Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP)
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (COPI)
Blood capillary pressure/hydrostatic pressure (BCP)
About 30-40 mmHg on arterial side
Higher on arterial side than venous side which is why it is easier to push out than to pull in
About 10-15 mmHg on venous side
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COPP)
Created by the concentration of proteins in the blood
Proteins are usually too large to move across the capillary membrane
Normally about 28 mmHg
Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP)
Normally about -3 mmHg
It can become positive at times, pushing back against filtration, but it cannot overcome the much higher capillary pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid pressure (COPI)
Caused by the concentration of proteins in the interstitium
Usually about 8 mmHg
What happens if BCP > COPP on the arterial side
Filtration
What happens if COPP > BCP on the venous side
Reabsorption
Albumin (type of molecule, produced in, functions)
Protein
Produced in liver
Functions:
Moves small molecules through the bloodstream
Importantly, Ca2+
Maintains osmotic pressure
Keeps fluid from leaking out into tissues (helps keep water inside blood vessels)
What happens in albumin is low
Water seeps out of blood vessels causing either:
Low blood volume symptoms or
Symptoms of swelling from too much water outside blood vessels
Define functional reserve
The difference between normal lymph flow and the transport capacity of the lymphatics