PSD Prejudice, Stereotype, Discrimination

Prejudice

A generalized negative attitude or feeling toward a group and its members, often involving negative emotions like dislike, fear, or anger.

Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people, attributing certain traits, characteristics, or behaviors to all members of that group, functioning as schemas.

Discrimination

Negative behavior directed against individuals based on their group membership, involving unfair or negative treatment.

Explicit Prejudice

Consciously held and openly expressed negative attitudes toward a group.

Implicit Prejudice

Unconscious, automatic negative biases against a stigmatized group that individuals may not be aware of.

Stereotype Threat

The fear that members of a stigmatized group have that their behavior will confirm negative stereotypes about their group.

Institutionalized Discrimination

Discrimination embedded within the structures and policies of institutions.

Tokenism

The practice of admitting a small number of marginalized group members often to appear inclusive, without significant representation.

Ingroup

A social group to which an individual identifies as belonging.

Outgroup

Any social group with which an individual does not identify.

Ingroup Bias

The tendency to favor one's own group and view ingroup members positively.

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

The theory that conflict arises when groups compete for limited resources, leading to ingroup favoritism.

Scapegoating

Blaming a relatively powerless group for societal frustrations or failures.

BIRGING (Basking In Reflected Glory)

Associating oneself with the successes of one's ingroup to enhance self-esteem.

CORFING (Cutting Off Reflected Failure)

Distancing oneself from the failures of one's ingroup to protect self-esteem.

Downward Social Comparison

Comparing oneself to others perceived as less fortunate to boost self-esteem.

Perceived Outgroup Homogeneity

The tendency to overestimate the similarity of members within an outgroup.

Shooter Bias

The tendency for people to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black individuals more than unarmed White individuals.

Need for Structure

The desire for clear, unambiguous knowledge, often leading to reliance on stereotypes.

Cognitive Load

The amount of mental effort used in working memory, which can increase reliance on stereotypes.

Intergroup Contact

Direct interaction between members of different social groups that can reduce prejudice under certain conditions.

Self-Handicapping

Creating obstacles to performance to provide an external excuse for potential failure.

Dis-identification

Distancing oneself from the domain of a negative stereotype to reduce its importance for self-esteem.

Self-Fulfilling Spiral of Intergroup Competition

A cycle where initial competition fuels negative stereotypes and further competition.

Self-Image Threat

Experiences of failure leading to derogation of members of stigmatized groups to bolster self-esteem.