AP EURO

Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of 15th-century Italy?

Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of 15th-century Italy?

many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies

Which of the following best characterizes the intersection of the hierarchy of wealth and hierarchy of orders in the Renaissance?

The nobility retainted its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth.

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was

education.

What treaty gave Spain everything west and Portugal everything east of an Atlantic line in 1494?

Treaty of Tordesillas

Why did the printing press find substantial success?*

increasing literacy and more universities expanded the market for print material

What was Machiavelli's objective in writing The Prince?

to reestablish Italian rule and place government on a stable basis

Which of the following crops gave slavery in the New World its distinctive shape?

sugar

The encomienda system

granted Spanish conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Native Americans

Which Renaissance artist was known for painting the Birth of Venus shown here?

Botticelli

How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture?

The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots.

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost, producing few products desired by other nations.

 The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the

scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.

The dome of the Florence Cathedral shown below was designed by*

Brunelleschi

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 demonstrated the threat posed by the rise of

Ottoman Turks

What was the primary cause of inflation in Spain in the 16th century?*

Excess of demand over supply of consumer goods.

Which of the following best identifies the term "race" in the Renaissance?

groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that

the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government.

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries?

the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

What became Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire?

Cortes was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica (Aztec) empire.

How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's colonization?

Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture was superior to another.

Bartolome de Las Casas asserted that the

Indians had human rights.

All of the following caused European exploration in the 15th-17th centuries EXCEPT

The Mexica (Aztecs) need to trade for European consumer goods.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile-Leon

created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.

The Protestant Reformation helped change the social roles of 16th century women by

reducing access to religious orders

 The Roman Catholic Church argued all of the following in regard to the visual arts in the late 16th to 17th centuries EXCEPT

It thought that iconoclasm should be the policy toward art in all Catholic countries.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) & Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in all of the following EXCEPT

reestablishment of the absolute authority of the Holy Roman Emperor

 What 16th century monarch permanently established England as a Protestant state?

Elizabeth I

Which of the following artistic pieces is representative of Baroque art in Protestant Holland?

Woman near window

The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to

reduce the power of the Hapsburgs

 Which of the following is a belief shared by the Anabaptists with all other Protestant groups?

justification by faith

Two great Baroque masters, Peter Paul Rubens and J.S. Bach, show that the Baroque style was

a Europe-wide phenomenon.

A comparison of serfdom in western Europe and eastern Europe would best be summarized as

in eastern, but not in western Europe, serfdom was reinstated after 1500

 All of the following religious reforms would have been supported by Calvin EXCEPT

to encourage participation in pilgrimages

 Which of the following was the driving force of 17th century state building?

warfare

 All of the following describe peasant life in the 17th century EXCEPT

Peasants farmed crops and raised livestock for sale at the local marketplace.

 "A formidable army and a war chest large enough to make this army mobile in time of need can create great respect for you in the world, so that you can speak a word like the other powers."  The quote above represents the opinion of which of the following eighteenth century European leaders?

Frederick William I of Prussia

Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

The limitation of monarchical power

 In the Ottoman Empire, agricultural land was the personal hereditary property of

the sultan

In the seventeenth century, the Habsburg family had two main centers of power, Spain and

Austria.

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763), although inconclusive in Europe, served as a decisive round in North American colonization between

France and Britain

Despite all of Louis XIV's accomplishments, his greatest error was

persecuting French Protestants, the Huguenots.

 In early modern Europe, which of the following most directly undermined the guild system?

entrepreneurial expansion of manufacturing into the countryside

 

Which of the following was most responsible for the steady population growth in 18th century Europe?

an overall decline in the death rate

 

Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?

development of colonies

Trade and commerce brought the highest standard of living in seventeenth century Europe to the

Dutch

Which of the following activities did Adam Smith believe was most appropriate for a national government?

defending against foreign invasions

 

All of the following statements are true about the Atlantic slave trade EXCEPT

after 1700, Spain became the undisputed leader in shipping slaves across the Atlantic

 

By the end of the 17th century, absolute monarchy was most successfully implanted in what nation?

France

 

Cook's voyages were primarily a result of which of the following eighteenth-century developments?

Competition among European powers to create commercial empires

Cook's observations concerning the material culture of the inhabitants of Australia most clearly reflect the influence of which of the following developments in Europe?

The expanded availability and use of consumer goods

 

All of the following items were indicators of the growth of consumerism in the 18th century EXCEPT

birthing chairs

Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that

the state is based on a social contract

Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee the

indivisibility of the Hapsburgs' lands for his daughter, Maria Theresa

 

Enlightened monarchs of the 18th century would most likely have favored which of the following?

codification of laws

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), John Locke demonstrated his belief that

blank slate of human mind

 

Which statement concerning the use of alcohol among the masses is most accurate for the 18th century?

Increased use of spirits, like brandy and vodka, diminished the nutritional intake of the poor.

Who is often considered the founder of the modern science of chemistry?

Robert Boyle

Which of the following statements is true regarding western European family life in the period 1750-1850?

Increased importance of child rearing

 

Vesalius had what in common  with Harvey, and other "new" scientists?

Challenging Greco-Roman authority

The sketch below, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue  that the Moon

Had an irregular surface

 

Early modern couples generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid to late 20s because

learning trade and stability

 

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy into a unified, coherent system

 

Which of the following most accurately reflects the attitude of the states of Europe toward the new science?

England and France established royal societies for scientists to meet and discuss their ideas.

 

The group most often criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the

Roman Clergy

 

"Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be...subjected to the political power of another without his own consent, which is done by agreeing with other men, to join...into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living in a secure enjoyment of their properties."

John Locke

 

What would be considered the most dominant value of early 18th century family life?

Patriarchy

 

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science EXCEPT

women were forbidden from writing learned papers everywhere in Europe.

 

Frederick the Great (1740-1786) contributed most to the rise of Prussia as a major European power

by annexing the Hapsburg province of Silesia

 

John Wesley (1703-1791) served as a catalyst for popular religious revival in England through his foundation of

Methodism

 

The 18th century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with

critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

 Which of the following diseases did NOT produce a major epidemic after the 18th century?

Plague

 

Under the Napoleonic system, peasants in territories conquered by French armies were generally given

freedom from feudal and manorial obligations

 

What artistic movement does Delacroix's painting "Liberty Leading the People" (1830) represent?

Romanticism

 

Napoleon's primary aim in establishing the Continental System was to

destroy Great Britain's economy

 

At the Congress of Vienna, the main principle that guided the deliberation of the diplomats was

conservatism

 

Napoleon's greatest military mistake was his decision in 1812 to invade

Russia

 

The author of the Declaration of Rights of Woman and Citizen (1791) was

Olympe de Gouges

 

The sequence of events that led to the French Revolution of 1789 is best summarized by which of the following?

royal financial crisis, convening of the Estates General, storming of the Bastille

 

What two European nations seized the predominant economic position in the rise of global markets in the 18th century?

Britain and the Netherlands

 

Warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1715) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789) involved

standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals

 

Napoleon's most enduring and long-lasting achievement was the

codification of laws

 

The impact of commercial rivalries on European diplomacy included

increased negotiations and maritime conflict

 

All of the following accurately describes the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) EXCEPT

it resulted in North America as a French stronghold

 

Who served as host and was also the dominant personality at the Congress of Vienna?

Metternich of Austria

 

The main purpose of the women's march to Versailles in October 1789 was to

force the king to deal with the problems of bread supply, high prices, and starvation in Paris

 

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763), although inconclusive in Europe, served as a decisive round in North American colonization between

France and Britain