Foundation Documents review

Brutus 1

An anti-federalist document warning of the dangers of a large, centralized government being unable to represent the American citizens adequately. Argued that this would led to tyranny within government

Federalist 10

A federalist paper about factions are best controlled by a large republic, as the competition will not allow any one faction to get too big (factions are inevitable).

Federalist 51

A federalist paper that defends the Constitution’s structure of power, put heavy focus on seperation of powers and checks and balances. Branches must be able to check each other to prevent tyranny.

Federalist 70

Federalist paper arguing the importance of a single, lead executive in charge of the executive branch in order to be able to be solely held accountable and act fast to preserve national security.

Federalist 78

A federalist paper describing the need for an independent judiciary and a strong power of judicial review in order to bolster the power of the weakest branch (Only has power of the pen)

Letter from birmingham jail

A defense of nonviolent protest against racial injustice, written by King who was in jail. Argued for the use of civil disobedience in the fight for racial justice and equity

US constitution

The supreme law of the U.S., establishing a federal system with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, with a system of checks and balances. It outlines the separation of powers, enumerated and implied powers, and includes provisions for amending the document. The Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) was later added to protect individual liberties.

Articles of Confederation

The first U.S. constitution, creating a weak national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive or judiciary. Most power remained with the states, and Congress lacked the ability to tax, regulate trade, or raise a standing army. Its weaknesses (like no power to enforce laws or collect taxes) led to its replacement by the Constitution.

Declaration of Independence

This document announced the American colonies’ separation from Britain, listing grievances against King George III. It asserts natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) and the idea of popular sovereignty — that government derives power from the consent of the governed. It established the principle that people have the right to abolish unjust governments.