lecture 2a: nervous system

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46 Terms

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2 NS division

CNS and PNS

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CNS

  • brain and spinal cord

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PNS

  • nerves/ganglion

    • 2 divisions: afferent and efferent

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afferent (sensory) division of PNS

  • detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors TO CNS (brain)

  • 2 divisions: somatic and visceral

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somatic sensory

  • sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors (skin, eyes, ears)

  • division of afferent peripheral

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visceral sensory

  • sensory input that is not consciously perceived from blood vessels and internal organs (heart)

  • division of afferent peripheral

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efferent (motor) nervous system

  • initiates and transmits information FROM the CNS to the effectors (body/organ, etc.)

  • away from brain - to effectors)

  • division of PNS

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somatic motor

  • motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle

  • division of efferent peripheral

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visceral motor

  • motor output that is not consciously or involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

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nucleus

  • aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in CNS

    • (like ganglion but in CNS)

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ganglion

  • aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in PNS

  • like nucleus but in PNS

  • some ONLY have cell body

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tract

  • bundle of fibers (axons in CNS)

  • like nerve but in CNS

  • imbedded in the spinal cord

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nerve

  • bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS

  • like tract but in PNS

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commissure

  • tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other (white vs grey)

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white matter

  • areas of myelinated axons

  • myelinated = highly conductive

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grey matter

  • area of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites

  • not that schwann cells aren’t involved, they’re giving a side hug

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white vs grey matter

  • in white, schwann cells are bear hugging - wrapped around axon

  • in grey, schwann are just side hugging

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axon hillock

  • tac guy, info coming in can be exiting or inhibiting

  • adding up information to see if we’re making a response or not

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neurolemmocyte

  • AKA schwann cell

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neurofibril node

  • AKA node of ranvier: exposed axon (between schwann/neurolemmocyte)

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synaptic cleft

  • space that defines pre-vs-post synaptic

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postsynaptic neuron

  • could be a neuron/muscle/gland, etc.

  • has receptors for whatever neurotransmitter is there

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telodendria

  • synaptic terminals

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how are neuron types classified

  • by # of extensions coming off of cell body

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multipolar neruron

  • many extensions coming off of the cell body

  • typically many dendrites and one axon

  • efferent neurons and interneurons

<ul><li><p>many extensions coming off of the cell body</p></li><li><p>typically many dendrites and one axon</p></li><li><p><strong>efferent neurons and interneurons</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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bipolar neuron

  • two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body: one dendrite and one axon

  • only in special senses: eyes, ears, nose

<ul><li><p>two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body: one dendrite and one axon</p></li><li><p>only in special senses:<strong> eyes, ears, nose</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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unipolar neuron

  • single short cell process extends directly from the cell and looks like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon

  • 99% fo sensory (afferent) neurons

  • dorsal root ganglia: many of these cell bodies

<ul><li><p>single short cell process extends directly from the cell and looks like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon</p></li><li><p>99% fo sensory (afferent) neurons</p></li><li><p>dorsal root ganglia: many of these cell bodies</p></li></ul><p></p>
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anaxonic neuron

  • nerve cell processes are only dendrites; no axon present

  • CNS

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spinal reflex arc

  • receptor → afferent (sensory) neuron → interneuron → efferent (motor) neuron → effector (gland or muscle)

  • PNS CNS

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bundle of fascicles

  • neuron/nerve

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dorsal root ganglia

  • all the cell bodies from sensory neurons sending info to the CNS

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plexuses

  • nerves; not same as vertebrae

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cervical plexus

  • C1-C4

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brachial plexus

  • C5-T1

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enlargement

  • dilated area of spinal cord because of nerves branching to extremity

  • cervical enlargement: nerves branching to UE

  • lumbosacral enlargement: nerves branching to LE

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lumbar plexus

  • L1-L4

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where does the spinal cord terminate

  • conus medullaris

  • T12-L1

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cauda equina

  • horses tail

  • bundle of nerve roots in the lower end of the spinal cord

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filum terminale

  • thin, fibrous thread that extends from the conus medularis to the coccyx

  • continuation of the pia mater

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pia mater

  • anchors spinal cord to coccyx

  • delicate, innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord

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dura mater

  • outermost layer of meninges; very rough/thick

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spinal meninges and structure of spinal cord

  • dura mater: (tough mother), outer most layer

    • subdural space

  • arachnoid mater (spider mother)

    • subarachnoid space

  • pia mater (soft mother)

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dorsal/posterior root ganglian

  • sensory/posteror aspect of the spinal cord

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anterior root ganglion

  • motor

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dermatomes

  • single spinal nerve innervating different branches/segment sof skin

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myatomes

  • nerves that innervate specific muscles