Bio 1113 Exam 1 OSU

Solvent

Agent for dissolving. Water is an excellent solvent because due to the polarity of the water molecule, it is able to form hydrogen bonds with ions and polarmolecules.

Solute

What is being dissolved.

Is water polar?

Yes. It carries a partial positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other.

Hydrophilic

"water loving." Substances that interact with water. ex. ions and polar molecules because of the interactions with waters partial charges.

Hydrophobic

substances that do not interact with water. Nonpolar molecules do not interact with water and thus don't dissolve in aqueous solutions.

Ionic Bond

is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

Covalent Bond

Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell.

Polar Bond

In a polar bond, the electronegativity of the atoms will be different. An unequal sharing of electron pairs.

Non-polar Bond

For nonpolar bonds the electronegativity of the atoms will be equal.

Cohesion

attraction between like molecules. Water is cohesive, meaning, it stays together.

Adhesion

attraction between unlike molecules. In most cases between a liquid and a solid. ex. a meniscus where the waters partial positive charge adheres to the glass' negative charge.

Surface Tension

a cohesive force caused by attraction between the molecules at the surface of a liquid.

Specific Heat

the amount of energy required to raise the temeprature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius. Water has a high specific heat.

Describe the four emergent properties of water that allow Earth to sustain life.

1. High Specific Heat/Moderation of Temp.

2. Solvent

3. Expansion when freezing/Ice floats

4. Cohesion and Adhesion

Moderation of Temperature

Water is able to absorb or release large amounts of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature

Expansion Upon Freezing

When water freezes, it expands. Therefore ice floats. If ice didn't float it would kill everything at the bottom of the ocean and lakes.

Predict the effects of breaking the different bonds associated with water

The water-hydrogen bond is a weak bond. It is strong enough, however, to be maintained during thermal fluctuations at, and below, ambient temperatures.

Explain how water's high specific heat helps to maintain temperatures

If a place such as california would be 75 at the shore and 90 away from the shore because the water uses the heat energy to heat itself up while colling the temperature around it.

Explain why carbon is considered the backbone of life

almost all molecules in a living organism (except water) contains carbon organic compounds. It also has 4 valence electrons which allows it to make up to 4 different bonds.

Explain the biological implication of isomers

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but a different arranagement of the atoms. Because it has a different structure, it has a different function.

Identify key functional groups which play a major role in biological processes

Functional groups participate in chemical groups in a predictable monomer. They are H, N, O, P, and S.

Hydroxyl

When a hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen. OH.

Carbonyl

Just a carbon double bonded with an oxygen. CO

Carboxyl

A carboxyl group is when it is double bonded to an oxygen and also bonded with an OH. COOH.

Amino

AN amino group is NH2 or one nitrogen bonded with two hydrogen.

Sulfhydryl

The rest (R) of the chain is bonded with a sullfure thats bonded to a hydrogen. SH.

Phosphate

Phosphate group has four oxygen atoms bonded with one phosphate. PO4

Methyl

It is a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. CH3.

Proteins

They are responsible for almost everything an organims does. They are structurally diverse which means they have a wide range of functions. ex. enzymes, storage, transport, defense (antibodies), hormones, receptors, strcuture.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins. They all share the same core structure, which is an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group (this is what makes it unique and makes it have its own unique function). They are the monomer of proteins.

Polymerization

the bonding together of monomers. Amino acids (protein monomer) come together through polymerization to form proteins.

Condensation Reaction

Also known as a dehydration reaction. These bonds form and result in the loss of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

The opposite of a condensation reaction. It breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule.

Peptide Bond

When the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino acid group of another amino acid, a strong covalent bond called a peptide bond forms.

Oligopeptide

(few peptides) When fewer than 50 amino acids are linked together.

Polypeptide

(many peptides) 50 or more amino acids are linked together.

The four protein structures are?

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Primary Structure

The unique sequence of amino acids making up the protein is considered its primary structure. ex. a normal sequence would give normal red blood cells. But a single change in sequence could leave you having sickled red blood cells. A proteins primary structure is fundamental to its function.

Secondary Structure

Is created in part by interactions between functional groups in the peptide-bonded backbone. The hydrogen bonding of close amino and carbonyl groups either makes it a helix or a pleated sheet. refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape.

Tertiary Structure

Interactions between R-groups. There could be hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, covalent bonding, and ionic bonding between R groups. Determines its 3D shape.

Quaternary Structure

refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Basically multiple polypeptides coming together. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. Proteins with quaternary structure may consist of more than one of the same type of protein subunit.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid stores genetic information and creates instructions for life. Made up of deoxyribonucleotides (monomer). The sugar is deoxy meaning without oxygen, so it only has one H. (A,T, and G,C base pairs)

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid takes the instructions and translates them into proteins. Made up of ribonucleotides (monomer). The sugar is ribose meaning with two OH. (A,U, and G,C). It has a hydroxyl (OH) unlike DNA.

Nucleic Acid

is a polymer made up of nucleotides (monomers).

Nucleotide

composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleotide Polymerization

Nucleotides bond together with other nucleotides through a condensation reaction, meaning a water is released. This reaction forms a covalent bond called a phosphodiester linkage. Phosphodiester linkages that join ribonucleotides together form RNA. Phosphodiester linkages that put deoxyribonucleotides together form DNA.

Nucleotide Structure

Nucleotides polymerize to form nucleic acids through formation of phosphodiester linkages between the 3" hydroxyl on one nucleotide and the 5" phosphate on the other.

Polymerization requires energy

ATP which is energy that comes from an activated nucleotide.

G and C

have three hydrogen bonds

A and T

have two hydrogen bonds

In double stranded DNA,

backbones must run anti-parallel. Meaning 5-3 and 3-5.

DNA's secondary structure

consists of two antiparallel strands twisted into a double helix. This was found out by Watsin and Crick.

RNA Structure

Contains Uracil instead of Thymine. Usually single-stranded, but can fold in its form of tertiary structure.

The monomers of carbohydrates are

monosaccharide is the primary monomer(one sugar), oligosaccharide ("few sugars"), and the large polymers called polysaccarides ("many sugars").

Carbohydrate is made up of

a carbonyl group (C=O), several Hydroxyl groups (-OH), along with multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H).

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the building blocks. Ex. glucose. If carbonyl groups or the number of carbon atoms present or the spatial arrangement of atoms is different, then the fucntion will be different.

Disaccarides

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (glysosinic linkages). A dehydation reaction occurs.

Polysaccharides

a few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides formed by glysosinic linkages. They are usually used for storage excess energy and structure.

Carbs used for energy storage

Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)

Carbs used for structural support

Cellulose (cell wall in plants), chitin (stiffens the wall of fungi), and peptidoglycan (cell wall in bacteria)

What do carbohydrates do?

They help in storage and structural support. As well as cell-cell recognition, and provides carbon molecules for more complex molecules.

Lipids

Are hydrophobic so they don't mix with water. Most relevant types are steroids, fats, phospholipids.

Saturated Fat

no double bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temperature because the structure can pack on itself and dense up.

Unsaturated Fat

if one or more double bonds are present. The chain isnt completely straight. Liquid at room temperature.

Steroids

characterized with a four ringed structure.

Cholesterol

important component of cell membranes. It is a steroid.

Fats

not actually a polymer. composed of three fatty acids that are linked to a three carbon molecule called glycerol. They are also called triglycerides.

Trans Fat

an unsaturated with added hydrogens to make the chain straight, most often man made.

Phospholipids

Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. In a bilayer, the heads point out and the tails point in.