AP World History Modern Unit 2 College Board MC Study Guide

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

East Asia & The Mediterranean Sea

Which of the following most likely explains why the scroll was copied for a new audience in the 1350s?

Mongols adopted and spread technological innovations from regions within their empire.

Commerce was a key mode of exchange between which of the following pairs of political entities?

The Crusader states and the Fatimid caliphate

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?

Extent of trade routes

Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.?

The rise of interregional commerce

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?

The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?

Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai

"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. [They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims."

Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007

"Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars, ... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it."

Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian,

Jerusalem, circa 1138

The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage

presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

A historian researching the effects of the Crusades on the diffusion of technology would probably find which of the following sources most useful?

Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought from conquered territories

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of

Numerals and the decimal system

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan?

The development of khanates in Central Asia

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following?

Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia?

Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero

Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims?

The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

"To the most holy father, the Pope:

Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols' invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols' ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom.

When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom.

If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell."

*a people who dwelled along the steppes of the Black Sea and in Central Asia

King Béla IV of Hungary, l

initiating European military campaigns in the Middle East

"To the most holy father, the Pope:

Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols' invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols' ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom.

When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom.

If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell."

*a people who dwelled along the steppes of the Black Sea and in Central Asia

King Béla IV of Hungary, l

Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols' military tactics.

Marco Polo described which of the following at Kublai Khan's court that he had not encountered in Europe?

The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests."

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests."

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests."

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true?

The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon.

The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?

Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon.

The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers

portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire?

It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade?

It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

Image 1:

WOOD PRINTING PLATE CONTAINING A PAPER MONEY NOTE WRITTEN IN MONGOL AND CHINESE, PRODUCED IN CHINA, CIRCA 1287

The smaller Chinese characters on the lower half of the note say, "This note can be circulated in various provinces without expiration dates. Counterfeiters will be put to death."

Image 2:

"MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The Latin text in the upper left-hand corner warns against greed.

Image 1 could best be used as evidence of the ways in which

imperial states attempted to expand commercial activity.

Image 1:

WOOD PRINTING PLATE CONTAINING A PAPER MONEY NOTE WRITTEN IN MONGOL AND CHINESE, PRODUCED IN CHINA, CIRCA 1287

The smaller Chinese characters on the lower half of the note say, "This note can be circulated in various provinces without expiration dates. Counterfeiters will be put to death."

Image 2:

"MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The Latin text in the upper left-hand corner warns against greed.

All of the following statements about the use of the currency shown in Image 1 in China under the Yuan dynasty are factually accurate. Which best explains why the currency often led to hyperinflation?

Excessive amounts of currency were printed in order to fund military expeditions and reward local elites.

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s?

The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why?

Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

"When the Mongols arrived, they took the great and famous city of Baghdad, filled with many people and rare treasures, a countless amount of gold and silver. They seized the Caliph, the lord of Baghdad, and brought him before Hulegu Khan. Then Hulegu ordered the Caliph thrown into prison for three days without bread or water. After three days, Hulegu ordered the Caliph brought before him and asked: 'What kind of person are you?' The Caliph answered angrily, 'Is this your humanity that I have been living in hunger for three days?' Previously the Caliph had told the citizens of Baghdad: 'Be not afraid; even if the Mongols come, I will carry the banner of Islam through the gates so the Mongol horsemen shall all flee and we will be saved.'

Hulegu heard this and was very angry. Then he ordered a plate of gold brought and put before the Caliph. Hulegu said, 'This is gold; eat so your hunger and thirst will pass. . . .' The Caliph retorted, 'Man is not saved by gold, but by bread, meat, and wine.' Hulegu said to the Caliph: 'Since you know that man is not saved by dry gold, why did you not send this much gold to me when I asked for tribute? Then I would not have come to plunder your city. . . .

The caliph represented political and economic opposition to Mongol expansion.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims."

*rulings on Islamic law

Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352

The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following?

Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

Chinese in the Indian Ocean

The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade?

Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above?

Merchant activity

The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century?

The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map?

They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?

Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants?

Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

Which of the following most encouraged the development of new cities such as Cahokia along the Mississippi River, Swahili city-states on the East African Coast, Venice on the Mediterranean coast, and Hangzhou on China's coast during the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

Intensification of regional trade

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century?

Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.?

The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT

The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?

Transportation and maritime technologies

In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase

pepper

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common?

They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450?

Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

Map 1: Major Trading Routes, Circa 1250-1450 C.E.

Map 2: Major Trading Routes, Circa 1450-1750 C.E.

Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India as shown on the maps?

Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of the monsoon winds.

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him.

In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns.

In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy."

*an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya

A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of A

The introduction of new cultural traditions

till lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him.

In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns.

In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy."

*an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya

A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases.

Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following?

Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him.

In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns.

In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy."

*an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya

A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of A

used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns?

Swahili

Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called

Indonesia

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s?

He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past."

An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E.

The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes?

To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

FOURTEENTH-CENTURY NORTH AND WEST AFRICA

The map above indicates that

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy?

Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following?

The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ?

The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.?

Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

TRADE ROUTES IN NORTH AND

Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map?

The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . .

Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous."

Eric Ross, Canadian historian, a

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . .

Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous."

Eric Ross, Canadian historian, a

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . .

Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous."

Eric Ross, Canadian historian, a

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

"In the year of our Lord 1315, hunger grew in the land. Entering the city we consider 'them that are consumed with famine' when we see the poor and needy, crushed with hunger, lying stiff and dead in the wards and streets."

Johannes de Trokelowe, English monk, fourteenth century C.E.

What mostly likely caused the famine described above?

The Little Ice Age

The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

Spread of religion along trade routes

A historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa would find which of the following sources most useful?

Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations

The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city

was highly fortified against outside attacks

Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes?

Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?

The decline of many urban areas

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the

unifying influence of Islam

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace.

One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year.

We the

inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace.

One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year.

We the

Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace.

One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year.

We the

Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.

Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ?

Increased interregional trade

Map 1: Major Trading Routes, Circa 1250-1450 C.E.

Map 2: Major Trading Routes, Circa 1450-1750 C.E.

The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments?

The spread of Islam

ILLUSTRATION IN A CHRONICLE DEPICTING A MASS BURIAL IN THE CITY OF TOURNAI, LOCATED IN MODERN BELGIUM, CIRCA 1349

The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

The decline of serfdom

"When the Mongols arrived, they took the great and famous city of Baghdad, filled with many people and rare treasures, a countless amount of gold and silver. They seized the Caliph, the lord of Baghdad, and brought him before Hulegu Khan. Then Hulegu ordered the Caliph thrown into prison for three days without bread or water. After three days, Hulegu ordered the Caliph brought before him and asked: 'What kind of person are you?' The Caliph answered angrily, 'Is this your humanity that I have been living in hunger for three days?' Previously the Caliph had told the citizens of Baghdad: 'Be not afraid; even if the Mongols come, I will carry the banner of Islam through the gates so the Mongol horsemen shall all flee and we will be saved.'

Hulegu heard this and was very angry. Then he ordered a plate of gold brought and put before the Caliph. Hulegu said, 'This is gold; eat so your hunger and thirst will pass. . . .' The Caliph retorted, 'Man is not saved by gold, but by bread, meat, and wine.' Hulegu said to the Caliph: 'Since you know that man is not saved by dry gold, why did you not send this much gold to me when I asked for tribute? Then I would not have come to plunder your city. . . .

The decline of major Muslim cities and disruptions of economic and cultural activities

Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited?

India, Mali, and Persia

TRADE ROUTES IN NORTH AND WEST AFRICA, CA. 1200-1500

The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map?

Islam

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia?

The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

TOTAL LAND DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS MEASURED IN MILLIONS OF HECTARES*, 1200-1400

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.

TOTAL LAND DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS MEASURED IN MILLIONS OF HECTARES*, 1200-1400

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

TOTAL LAND DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS MEASURED IN MILLIONS OF HECTARES*, 1200-1400

Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ?

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century?

Epidemic disease

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following in Afro-Eurasia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.

The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments?

The spread of epidemic diseases

The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following?

The severity of the Black Death

Which of the following was a significant effect of the Polynesian migrations in the Pacific in the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.?

The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims."

*rulings on Islamic law

Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352

The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

The decline of many major cities across Eurasia