SMC101 Exam 2

Pictograph

A prehistoric form of writing made up of paintings on a rock or cave walls

Ideograph

An abstract symbol that stands for a word or phrase. The written forms of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese

Alphabet

A form of writing in which letters represent individual sounds

Photography

Drawing with light, silver compounds darken when exposed to light

Amazon Effect

Amazon has profoundly changed the business of selling books, putting many brick and mortar pubs out of business

Half-Tone Reproduction

An image reproduction by a process in which photographs are broken down into a series of dots that appear in shades of gray on the printed page

Telegraph

The first system using wires to send messages at a distance, invented by Samuel Morse in 1844

Telephone

Vibrations turned into electric impulses by microphone

Phonograph

An early sound recording machine invented by Thomas Edison; the recorded material was played back on a cylinder

Wireless Telegraph

Guglielmo Marconi’s name for his point-to-point communication tool that used radio waves to transmit messages

Beat

An area or topic you are assigned to cover. You are expected to keep up with what is happening in your beat

Breaking News

Expecting the unexpected. You will drop everything else to cover a breaking story

Enterprise News

To fill times without breaking news, keep a running list of stories that aren’t immediate

Objectivity in Journalism

Expressing or dealing with facts or conditions with impartiality to all sides, while guarding against the intrusion of personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations

Johannes Gutenberg

Developed movable type and a mechanical printing press in 1455 in Germany. Considered one of the most important developments ever

Benjamin Franklin

Poor Richard’s Almanak, yearly from 1732-1758, Pennsylvania Gazette, 1729, which was considered the most successful newspaper in the American Colonies

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher arrested for printing critical articles about royal governor

William Randolph Hearst

Developed the nation’s largest newspaper chain and media company, also created the comic strip

Louis Daguerre

Developed daguerreotype, used metal places to record images, exposure took 30 min, only black and white

George Eastman

Developed roll film, made photography portable, opened photography to public, made movies possible

Samuel Morse

1844, written messages turned to code by operator, sent over wires. Overcame distance and proximity for messages

Alexander Graham Bell

1876, voice vibrations turned into electric impulses by microphone, receiver turns electric impulses back into vocal vibrations

Thomas Edison

1877, recorded sound on a tin foil cylinder, could only be replayed a few times

Emile Berliner

1888, recorded sound on a flat disk rather than a cylinder. sound could be mass produced

Guglielmo Marconi

1899, invented radio telegraph, used radio waves to transmit Morse code signals, conceived a way to make the telegraph wireless

Nathan Stubblefield

1892, first transmission of voice from a transmitter to seven receivers, lack of privacy was initially thought to be a problem

Nellie Bly

New York World, undercover investigative journalism in a women’s asylum

Four functions of newspapers

Information, context, recording history, entertainment

Characteristics of newspapers

Appears regularly and frequently, contains a variety of news items, carries a date, printed (changing with the digital era)

Publishers of newspapers in early Europe

Publishers operated within royal/government authority, significant censorship

Benjamin Franklin

Considered to be the first journalist

Partisan Press

Newspapers aligned with political factions, expensive to subscribe, labor-intensive production, served elite audiences

Penny Press

Newspapers appealed to popular tastes, cheap to subscribe, less labor intensive to produce, mass audiences

Yellow Press

Cutthroat competition, sensational content, tabloid format, used stunts to attract readers

Profesional Press

Non-partisan news coverage, editorial standards, professionally trained journalists, objective

National Newspapers

New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today

Metropolitan Newspapers

Louisville Courier-Journal, Nashville Tennesseean, Lexington Harold Leader

Local/Suburban Newspapers

Bowling Green Daily News, College Heights Harold

Alternative Newspapers

Village Voice, Racial, Ethnic, Religious, LGBTQ

Mainstream/Traditional Media

Media such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television

Alternative Media

A space for alternative voiced in media

Affinity/identity Media

African American, LGBTQ, feminist, Spanish

Public Media

Non-profit media that works in public interest

Citizen media

Uses digital forms