Unit 5: Revolutions 1750 - 1900 (Bullet Point 10)

Concerns emerging in the 18th century

Any efforts used to expand monarchical power, including the enactment of taxes raised questions about the rights of the people and the legitimacy of political institutions

Why trade routes and colonies became expensive in Europe

• This was due to the cause of competition among European powers

  • Ex. Netherlands attacked the trade routes that linked Spain and Portugal to their American and Asian colonies and seized parts of Portugal’s colonial empire in Brazil and Angola.

Tax Farmers

Tax farmers are people who collects taxes for the government

Economic results due to the conflict between Dutch and English

• Dutch kept facing growing competition from the British, who were developing their own close association of business and government.

• During a series of wars from 1652 - 1678, England used its naval might to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade and extend its own colonial empire

  • This resulted in:

    • Tripling states revenue

    • Strengthen Britain’s trading positions

    • Rose foreing trade by 50%foreign

Two Conflicts that occured in North American colonies before the revolution

• Spanish Succession (1701–1714

• The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

• Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

  • France vs Britain

Areas France lost due to conflicts & Top Empire that held most control in North America

• Colonies France lost

  • Capital of Quebec in 1759 to England

  • Canada to England

  • Louisiana to Spain

• Britain emerged with undisputed control of North America

The Enlightenment

• Applied methods and perspectives of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society and the natural world

Historical figures of the Enlightenment

• Denis Diderot

  • Wrote the 35 volume Encyclopédie.

    • A compendium of human knowledge

• John Locke, 1632–1704

  • Believed that everyone was born with unalienable rights like life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and no one can’t overwrite these rights

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1778

  • Wrote The Social Contract

    • Emphasized the general will of the people was sacred

  • Asserted that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the people

• Voltaire

  • Believed that Europe’s monarchs were the most likely agents of political and economic reform

Roles of political figures like Charles III and Catherine

• They sponsored and promoted the dissemination of new ideas by providing patronage for many intellectuals

  • This is because they recognized the great effects of the Enlightenment, and used it to expand their royal authority

Wome roles in the Enlightenment

• Women during the Enlightenment were fighting for their rights

  • Ex. Mary Wollstonecraft, a writer, argued about the issues of the rights of women

• Women also participated in the dissemination of enlighten ideas

  • They used their salons to bring together enlighten leaders

    • Ex. The salon of Germaine de Staël was a center of political experimentation and argument

Reasons of the rise of coffee and tea houses

• Coffee and Tea houses were used to discuss scientific discoveries, new technologies, and controversial works on human nature and politics

What Benjamin Franklin representation to the intellectuals of Europe

• His published paper in 1751, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, which won the acclaimation of European intellectuals.

Enlightenment Ideas slowing down in North American colonies

• The persistence of slavery and other oppressive colonial-era institutions slowed this process.

  • By the century’s end reform movements had ended the slave trade, abolished slavery, expanded voting rights, and facilitated the assimilation of millions of immigrants from Asia and Europe

Abolitionist

• Those who sought to end slavery

  • However, slavery existed until the 1850s

How the Enlightenment paved way for women’s rights

• Women were influenced by the Enlightenment to fight for their rights

  • Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls 1848

    • Women gathered to call for a conference to discuss their rights

      • “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are equal.”

  • Olympe de Gouges 1748–1793

    • Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

American Revolution 1775 - 1787

Thirteen colonies vs Britain

Two problems Britain faced after the Seven Year War

• Debt

  • Due to the amount of debt, Britain tried to get colonists to pay off their debts without representation

• Settlers pushed west into Amerindian lands

  • Britain feared that this would cause new conflicts with the Native, which they wanted to avoid

British colony political autonomy vs French, Portuguese, and Spanish colony political autonomy

• British Political autonomy in the colonies

  • They were free to govern themselves

  • The consumption of British goods created a cohesive colonial identity that spanned various regions

  • British settlers experienced more widespread prosperity

• French, Portuguese, and Spanish colony political autonomy

  • Colonies had more centralized control by their Mother Countries

  • Colonial Cultures were being fragmented

How Britain colonies protested against taxes

• They boycotted British goods

• These taxes included

  • Stamp Act, 1765

    • Tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and nearly all printed material

  • Sugar Act, 1764

    • Taxes on sugar

  • Tea Act, 1773

    • Taxes on tea

    • Led to the Boston Tea Party

  • The Quartering Act, 1765

    • Required colonists to house British soldiers

How the Declaration of Independence

• The Declaration of Independence encouraged popular sovereignty and individual rights

  • Unalienable Rights

    • Life

    • Liberty

    • Pursue of Happiness

Geographic obstacles Britain faced trying to defeat colonial revolutionaries

The Atlantic Ocean separated Britain and the Thirteen Colonies

What convinced France to join the American Revolution in 1781

• British were defeated at The Battle of Saratoga

• The French also joined to defend their colonies in the Caribbean

  • The Treaty of Paris (1783) granted the thirteen colony their independence

How many colonial governments and charters differ from government structures in Europe

• Unlike Europe, the Americas used constitutional conventions to draft formal charters and ratify their policies through votes

  • The colony’s government power was distributed among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

  • Authority was divided between the federal government and the states

  • Had a system of checks and balances

Who’s rights were rejected

Women were denied political rights

More info on the American Revolution

• The Olive Branch Petition

  • This document was used to propose Britain to peacefully solve the problem

• Common Sense

  • Written by Thomas Paine

• Sparked the French, Haiti, and Latin America Revolution

• Fell in debt after the Revolution

  • Taxes were still used to lift their debts

    • Whiskey Tax

    • Tariffs

• Treaty of Paris

  • Ended the American Revolution

  • Declared the Thirteen Colony as an Independent state

• Articles of Confederation

  • Replaced the U.S Constitution

French Revolution 1789 - 1799

France Monarchy, Clergy and Nobility vs the Third Estates

France Three Estates

• First Estates - Clergy

  • 1% of France's population

  • Organized hierarchically

  • Priests from noble families held top positions in the church

  • Owned about 10 percent of the nation’s land

  • Extracted substantial amounts of wealth from the economy

• Second Estates - Nobility

  • 1% of France's population

  • Participated in trade, banking, manufacturing, and mining

  • Like the Clergy they were hierarchical

    • High Nobles

    • Low Nobles

• Third Estates - Everyone

  • 98% of France's Population

  • Paid large amount of taxes than the other Estates

  • Poverty was common

    • Children were forced to work

    • Disease disseminated largely

Why King Louis XVI faced financial crisis after assuming the throne in 1774

• King Louis XVI tried to impose new taxes on the nobility and the clergy, however, the parliament opposed

The Estates Generals & Why it was called

• Estates of Generals

  • First Estates - Clergy

  • Second Estates - Nobility

  • Third Estates - Everyone

• King Louis XVI called the Estates of Generals in hopes they would accept his proposed reforms and help stabilize the kingdom's finances

Signaled the start of the Revolution

• The greedy Clergy and Nobility pushed all taxes on the Third Estates

Similarities between the American and French declarations of independence

• Both argued that people were born with unalienable rights

  • France's rights were: Liberty, Property, Security, and resistance to oppression

  • America’s rights were: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

• Both guaranteed equality

Changes brought by the National Convention by Jacobins

• Abolished slavery in French colonies

• Abolished Monarchy

• Declared France a republic

• Adopted new calendar

Robespierre role in the French Revolution

• Leader of the French Revolution

• Created the Committee of Public Safety

  • This began the Reign of Terror, 1793–1794

    • People who were seen as enemies of the Revolution were executed

      • Took the lives of 40,000 people, while another 300,000 suffered imprisonment

• Guillioten

Napoleon 1799 - 1814

• Before Napoleon’s Rule

  • Robespierre died

  • The Directory was created

• During Napoleon’s Rule

  • Seized power from the Directory in 1799

    • Using the military

      • This marked the advent(coming) of a new form of government: popular authoritarianism

  • France only Emperor

  • Britain was the only Empire to defeat Napoleon

More info on the French Revolution

• Went more in debt after the American Revolution

• The Storm of the Bastille

  • A prison

  • Mob by peasants for guns and gunpowder

• France went from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy to republic

• Started a new calendar

• Bread was the stable food in France in the Revolution

• National Assembly

  • Led by

  • Formed after the third estate was kicked out of the Estates General

    • This meeting was held in a Tennis Court

• Versailles was stormed by Parisian women due to the price of bread

• Religion was badly damaged

  • Catholic was replaced by the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being

• War continued after the Revolution

  • War with other European countries like Austria

Haitian Revolution 1791 - 1804

The Enslaved vs Everyone

Saint Domingue importance

• The richest colony in the Americas, 1789

  • Its sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee production accounted for two-thirds of France’s tropical imports and one-third of all French foreign trade

  • Produced 40% of the world’s sugar and 50% of the world’s coffee

France inability to stop the revolt of Haiti

• France was at war with Britain and other European Empires, and Britain threatened Saint Domingue

  • So they relied on Toussaint L’Ouverture to defend the colony

  • Toussaint defeated the British force in 1798

Toussaint Louverture

• A former slave

• Defeated Napoleon’s attempt to take over Haiti

• Organized enslaved Africans into military units

• Joined forces with the Spanish army against the French

  • Rose to high rank within the Spanish army

• Switched sides with France

  • Promoted to General in the French Army

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

• Led the Haiti Revolution after Louverture

  • Won due to the France army was unable to resupply, and suffered by Fever

More info on the Haitian Revolution

• Social Classes

  • Grand Blancs

  • Petit Blancs

  • Free people of color

  • Enslaved

    • Held most of the population in Haiti

    • Seeked freedom

• Began due to the harsh conditions on the Enslaved

• They burned down their plantation

  • This destroyed their economy

• Became the first black republic

• Social and Racial changes

  • African descent became the ruling class

The purpose of the Congress of Vienna

1814–1815, a meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to re-establish Europe’s old order after the defeat of Napoleon I

How Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire

• With the help of Russia, France, and Great Britain

• Gained their independence in 1830

Similarities between the French Revolution & The Revolutions of 1848

• French Revolution

  • The Third Estates united to overthrow Louis XVI and create a Republic in France

  • The Clergy and Nobility wanted to protect their wealth

  • The Third Estates wanted to lower the taxes

• The Revolutions of 1848

  • The middle class and workers united to overthrow Louis Philippe and create the Second French Republic

  • The middle class wanted to protect property rights

  • The Parisian workers wanted to lower prices

Goals of the Revolutions in 1800s

• Nationalism

• Democracy

Latin-America Revolution

How Napoleon invasion of Portugal and Spain trigger the Latin Revolution

• His invasions created a crisis of legitimacy that undermined the authority of colonial officials

  • Meaning, Napoleon’s invasion made the Spaniards question the power of their monarchy

Simon Bolivar 1783–1830

• Became the preeminent leader of the independence movement

How Bolivar was able to appeal both enslaved and freemen while in exile in Jamaica

He promised to free slaves in order to draw the enslaved people and freemen to him and to gain military supplies from Haiti

Who Jose de San Martin, and accomplishment with his military

• Leader of the Chileans and Argentines force

• Conquered Chile, Peru, and Argentina

Mexico’s responce to Napoleon’s invasion in Spain, 1810

Spaniards in Mexico City overthrew the local viceroy

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s role in the Mexican War of Independence

• Led the first stage of Mexico’s Independence in 1810

  • He ran the church bells attracting the poor, and urged them to rise up against the oppression of Spanish officials

How Colonel Agustin de Iturbide mirrors the fate of other leaders and ideology

• Like other leaders, Iturbide seeks to help Mexico gain their independence

• He was captured and executed by a firing squad(similar to Hidalgo and Morelos)

More info on the Latin-America Revolution

• Seek to end Mercantilism

  • Wanted to trade with other countries

• Social Class

  • Peninsulares

    • Spaniard born in Spain

  • Creoles

    • Spaniard born in New Spain

    • Wanted to be equal with the Peninsulares

  • Mestizos

    • Born from Spanish and Native

  • Native American Indians

  • Enslaved

Brazil Independence vs Other Independences

• Unlike other Independences, Brazil gained their independence through peace

  • Became a constitutional monarchy with Pedro I as Emperor

The Englithenment

An intellectual movement the applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empirist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

• Rationalism

  • The believe of reason as the primary source of knowledge and truth.

• Empiricism

  • The idea of knowledge being gained by experiments and senses

    • Emperisism was developed during the Scientific Revolution during the 16th and 17th century

      • This was an era of a significant shift from religious explanations to scientific reasoning and observation. And these thinking was ablied to Human Society sparking the Enlightenment

Suffrage

• The right to vote

• Great Brittain & Suffarge

  • Reform Act 1832

    • Only men with property could vote

  • Reform Act 1867

    • Men in urban areas with property rights could vote

  • Representation of the People Act 1884

    • addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside

  • Representation of the People Act 1918

    • All men over 21 and 40% of women over 30, with property restrictions

  • Representation of the People Act 1928

    • Suffrage for everyone over 21, no property restrictions

• US & Suffrage

  • 15th Amendment 1870

    • Every male of color could vote

  • 19th Amendment 1920

    • Men and Women can now vote

  • 23rd Amendment 1961

    • District of Columbia can vote for the President and Vice President.

  • 24th Amendment 1964

    • Everyone can vote for the President or Vice President or for Senator or Representative

    • Anyone can still vote even though they fail to pay taxes

  • 26th Amendment 1971

    • Everyone over 18 can vote

Slavery and Serfdom

• Slavery

  • Portugal, 1761

    • Abolished on the mainland, not colonies

  • U.S., 1865

    • The 16th Amendment

  • Great Britain,1833

  • Brazil, 1888

    • The last country in the West to abolish slavery

• Serfdom

  • Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom in 1861 in Russia