Comprehensive AP European History Anchor List (HEHS)

Castiglione

Book of the Courtier

Niccolò Machiavelli

The Prince; to be an effective ruler, a ruler must gain, maintain, and increase territory

Raphael

Painted Madonna and Child and School of Athens

Michaelangelo

Painted the walls of the Sistine Chapel, sculpted David

Leonardo de Vinci

Painted Mona Lisa, and Last Supper

Valla

Epicureanism (it's okay to seek pleasure in the 5 senses), secular critic of the powers of the Pope

Petrarch

Founder of the humanist movement

Descartes

Mathematical father of the scientific method, father of geometry, "I think, therefore I am"

Sir Francis Bacon

Father of the scientific method, empirical method (inductive reasoning), wrote Novum Organum

Sir Isaac Newton

Father of the concept of gravity, wrote Principia

Galileo

Starry Messenger, experimented with inertia

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory that was posited in the posthumously published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

Louis Pasteur

Chemist, germ theory

Martin Luther

95 Theses, split from catholic church

John Calvin

Predestination posited in The Institutes, founder of most prevalent protestant church (Calvinism)

Sir Thomas More

Utopia, social reformer, ideal society is where everyone shares and human nature is selfless

Erasmus

In Praise of Folly, called for reform of the church, precursor to Martin Luther

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of Gutenberg press which uses the movable type

Charles V

Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, ruled at height of Habsburg Empire, dealt with Luther

Ferdinand + Isabella

Unified Spain through the reconquista (expelling Jews and Moors from Iberia)

Henry VII of England

Won Wars of the Roses, established the court of the starry chamber through which he weakened nobles

Charles VII of France

Created first national army, won 100 Years War, taxed land and salt

Henry VIII

Splits from Pope and starts the English Reformation

Elizabeth I

England's Golden Age Monarch, moderate protestant, literary achievements during reign (Shakespeare), defeated Spanish Armada

Philip II

Lost Armada, Dutch revolt

Gustavus Adolphus

Lutheran king of Sweden, saves protestant side in 30 years war

Henry IV (of Navarra)

Huguenot, converted to Catholicism, won War of 3 Henrys, Edict of Nantes (French Religious War)

Cardinal Richelieu

Essentially controlled France under Louis XIII, 30 years war against Austria (French stage)

Louis XIV

Sun king of France, "L'etat c'est moi" (I am the state), Absolutist, wars w/ everyone

Colbert

Minister of Louis XIV, oversaw mercantilism in France

Frederick William I

Soldier King in Prussia

Frederick II (Great)

Enlightened despot 18th century Prussia

Maria Theresa

7 Years War and War of Austrian Succession

Joseph II

Abolished serfdom in Austria

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia, got a port on the Baltic - Saint Petersburg

Catherine the Great

Led movement to divide Poland in 1790s, legal reforms, Odessa

Louis XV

Mid monarch

James I

Stuart early 17th century, divine right to rule

Charles I

Too much divine right, civil war, executed

Cromwell

Lord Protector, Puritan

Louis XVI

FRENCH REVOLUTION, No cash - calls Estates General, Executed

Maximilien Robespierre

Jacobin dictator, Reign of Terror, guillotined

Klemens von Metternich

Arch-Conservative, concert of Europe

Louis Phillipe I

Last king of France

Napoleon III

2nd French Empire

Tsar Alexander II

Elimination of serfdom, creates Zemstvos (local govts), seen as halfway measures as Zemstvos under control of Boyars and Serfs not given private ownership of land

Sergei Witte

Russian Industrialist who builds factories and railways

Tsar Nicholas II

Loses to Japan, forced to create Duma, loses WWI, last Tsar of Russia

Benjamin Disraeli

Reform Bill of 1884, universal male suffrage, unions

William Gladstone

Home Rule Bill for Ireland

Kaiser Wilhelm II

fires Bismarck, does not renew reinsurance treaty w/ Russia (France and Russia ally, Germany surrounded on 2 sides), loses WWI

Vladimir Lenin

Russian exile, funded by Germans to return to Russia and launch Bolshevik revolution, ends war with Germany via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, first Soviet dictator of Russia

Leon Trotsky

Lenin's right hand man

Woodrow Wilson

American President during WW1, at Versailles, 14 points Liberal IR theory

David Lloyd-George

British PM during WW1, at Versailles

Clemenceau

French PM end of of WW1, at Versailles

Gustav Stresemann

German Foreign Minister (1923-1929), moderate interwar leader

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator of Spain

Joseph Stalin

WW2, mass murderer

Nikita Khrushchev

De Stalinization, sent the tanks into Hungary, Cuban Missile Crisis, 'Peaceful Coexistence'

Konrad Adenauer

CDU Chancellor of post war Germany, reconstruction of Germany

Leonid Breshnev

Sent in the tanks to Czechoslovakia

Alexander Dubcek

Czechoslovak reformer, failed

Willy Brandt

Chancellor of Germany, Detente, went to Poland

Hernan Cortes

Defeated the Aztecs

Vasco da Gama

Rounded Cape of Good Hope

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca

Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigator

John Locke

2nd Treatise of Civil Government, Social Contract, Life Liberty Property, Essay Concerning Human Understanding humans are born with a blank slate

Montesquieu

Spirit of Laws, separation of powers and checks and balances

Adam Smith

Following up on Physiocrats (anti-mercantilism) CAPITALISM, deregulation, laissez faire, invisible hand

Voltaire

Candide, deist, satire writer

Rousseau

The Social Contract, general will of the people

Fontenelle

Conversations on the Plurality of the Worlds - scientific novel, popularization of science

Wollstonecraft

Founder of modern Feminism

Diderot

Compiled the encyclopedia, praised science and reason, criticized priests faith

Madame Geoffrin

Sponsor of the Encyclopedia, hosted Salons (gathering of intellectual)

Abbe Sieyes

What is the 3rd Estate, turning around absolutism in France

Edmund Burke

Reflections on the Revolution in France, Englishman opposed to the French Revolution, father of modern conservatism

Thomas Malthus

Essay on the Principles of Population, overpopulation boy. If too much population growth happens, people will die. Poor people breed like rabbits.

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty, freedom boy (slaves, women, individual rights)

David Ricardo

Iron Law of Wages, wages will always stay at subsistence level

Edwin Chadwick

Reform through govt regulations (sanitation)

Karl Marx

Property should be owned by community, materialist view of history, global revolution, anarchy

Eugene Delacroix

Romantic painter, glorify revolutions

Jeremy Bentham

Founder of utilitarian

Hobson

Imperialism not economically worth it

John Maynard Keynes

Economist, Keynesian economics (govt saves when economy is doing well, economic stimulus in recession)

Friedrich Nietzsche

Postmodernist (enlightenment is modernist), humans overemphasis on rationality, God is dead, Christianity is a slave morality

Jean Paul Sartre

Atheist, existentialist who believes humans simply exist and that humans are alone since there is no God

Existentialism

Man is the sum of his own existence

Bach

Baroque musician, ignored after he died for 50 years, came to the fore in 1820s

Edward Jenner

Smallpox vaccine

James Watt

Steam engine, able to move factories to cities

George Stephenson

Locomotive called the rocket that went between Liverpool and Manchester

Emile Zola

Realtor writer, supported Dreyfus, J'accuse

1450

Gutenburg invents printing press

1453

Conquest of Constantinople

1485

Henry VII wins Battle of Bosworth Field; ending Wars of the Roses and establishing Tudor Dynasty

1492

Columbus sailed the ocean blue