Lecture Notes on Blood Vessels, Immune System, and Defense Mechanisms

Flashcards for reviewing lecture notes on blood vessels, the immune system, and defense mechanisms.

Artery

Carries blood away from the heart.

Heart

The right side receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

Valves

Located between the atria and ventricles, and in the arteries leaving the heart, to prevent backflow of blood.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Bicuspid Valve

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Second Line of Defense

Response activated when the first line of defense fails, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and inflammation.

Fever

Elevated body temperature that can kill pathogens and dilate blood vessels.

Pyroges

Chemicals released by the body that cause muscle aches during illness.

Third Line of Defense

Defense mechanism involving antibody production and killer T cells to fight off viruses upon multiple exposures.

B cells

Cells that detect viruses and release antibodies.

Killer T cells

Cells that kill virus-infected cells after being signaled by antibodies.

Regulatory T cells

Cells that turn off killer T cells after the virus is eliminated.

Memory T cells

Old killer T cells that patrol the body for future infections.

Innate Defense Mechanism

Born with it, protects against all pathogens, immediate reaction, no memory.

Adaptive Defense Mechanism

Not born with it, protects against certain pathogens, delayed reaction, has memory.

Protective Functions of the Skin

Slightly acidic, sticky, densely packed dead skin cells.

Protective Functions of Mucous

Slightly acidic and sticky.

Active Immunity

The body makes antibodies, either naturally through pathogens or artificially through vaccines.

Passive Immunity

Acquiring antibodies from someone else, either naturally through breast milk or artificially through injections.