APUSH chap 14 vocab + first 8 Presidents

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Millerites

Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Brigham Young (1846-1847)

The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill

American Temperance Society (1826)

This was an anti-alcohol society created due to the rampant alcoholism in America among people of all social classes, genders, and races. It didn't encourage the outright banning of alcohol, though other people did at the time.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840, advocated suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Robert Owen/New Harmony (1825)

A communal society that ultimately sank into a morass of contradiction and confusion.

Brook Farm (1841)

Communist system attempting to promote high-minded idealism and experienced by people such as Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau, ultimately failed because of its inability to produce self-sufficiency and financial sustainability

Oneida Community (1848)

An experimental society that practiced free love, birth control and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring.

Shakers

founded in the 1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

John Audubon

French-American naturalist who was known for his paintings of wild birds in their natural surroundings, best known for his work Birds of America.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Stephen Foster

Composer of popular minstrel show tunes such as Oh, Susanna, and My Old Kentucky Home.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

"The American Scholar"

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass, pioneered free-verse

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. Wrote The Scarlet Letter.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851)

George Washington

first President

John Adams

second president

Thomas Jefferson

third president

James Madison

fourth president

James Monroe

fifth president

John Quincy Adams

sixth president

Andrew Jackson

seventh president

Martin Van Buren

eight president

George Washington's years in office

1788-1792, and 1792-1796

John Adams' years in office

1796-1800

Thomas Jefferson years in office

1800-1804, and 1804-1808

James Madison's years in office

1808-1812, and 1812-1816

James Monroe's years in office

1816-1820, and 1820-1824

John Quincy Adams' years in office

1824-1828

Andrew Jackson's years in office

1828-1832, and 1832-1836

Martin Van Buren's years in office

1836-1840

George Washington's political party

none

John Adams' political party

Federalist Party

Thomas Jefferson's political party

Democratic-Republican Party

James Madison's political party

Democratic-Republican Party

James Monroe's political party

Democratic-Republican

John Quincy Adams' political party

National Republican

Andrew Jackson's political party

Democratic Party

Martin Van Buren's political party

Democratic Party