HLTH 201: Ch. 3 - Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging

what is cellular adaptation?

allowing the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function

What is atrophy?

decrease in cell size

What is hypertrophy?

increase in cell size

What is hyperplasia?

increase in number of cells

What is metaplasia?

change in cell type

what is dysplasia?

cells vary in size and shape signaling a precancerous state

What is anaplasia?

Loss of cell differentiation and tissue organization that is associated with cancer

What is a neoplasm?

new growth or tumor that can be benign or malignant

atrophy

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

metaplasia

dysplasia

what are intracellular accumulations?

build up of substances that cells cannot immediately use of eliminate

how are abnormal endogenous substances produced?

errors in metabolism

what are abnormal exogenous substances?

environmental agents and pigments that cannot be broken down by cells

what is pathologic calcification?

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts

what are the types of pathologic calcification?

dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification

What is dystrophic calcification?

normal calcium levels but calcium is being deposited on dead or dying tissue

What is metastatic calcification?

high calcium levels and calcium is being deposited in normal tissue

which type of pathologic calcification is often visible to the naked eye with a gritty or sand-like appearance?

dystrophic calcification

which type of pathologic calcification is caused by a abnormality in calcium metabolism?

metastatic calcification

what is initial cell damage?

an alteration in metabolic functions, leads to loss of function in the cell

What is hypoxia?

lack of oxygen

what happens to cells when aerobic metabolism is stopped?

less ATP is produced causing cells to swell with water (increased intracellular sodium)

what happens with anaerobic metabolism is stopped?

lactic acid is produced which can cause cell damage

what is reversible cell injury?

impairs cell function but does not result in cell death

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

what is necrosis?

localized tissue death in an organ or tissue

what are the types of necrosis?

liquefaction necrosis, coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis

What is liquefactive necrosis?

tissue is lost and a hole is left in the organ

Where is liquefactive necrosis seen?

brain and bacterial infections

in which type of necrosis is the overall shape of the organ lost?

liquefaction necrosis

What is coagulative necrosis?

dead cells are replaced by connective tissue

in which type of necrosis is the general shape of the organ kept?

coagulative necrosis

what type of necrosis is this?

liquefactive necrosis

what type of necrosis is this?

coagulative necrosis

what type of necrosis is this?

caseous necrosis

What is caseous necrosis?

A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

what is gangrene?

lots of tissue undergoes necrosis

what are the types of gangrene?

dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene

What is dry gangrene?

dry, dark, wrinkly necrosis confined to the extremities

what is dry gangrene caused by?

lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow carries fluid out of the tissue

What is wet gangrene?

Form of liquefactive necrosis seen in internal organs and extremities

what is wet gangrene caused by?

lack of venous flow that lets fluid accumulate in tissue

what type of gangrene is normally confined to the extremities?

dry gangrene

what type of gangrene affects internal organs and extremities?

wet gangrene

What is gas gangrene?

bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues

which type of gangrene causes bubbling on the surface of the skin and is considered a medical emergency?

gas gangrene

what type of gangrene is this?

dry gangrene

what type of gangrene is this?

wet gangrene

what type of gangrene is this?

gas gangrene

what types of diseases can cause a higher risk of developing gangrene?

diseases that affect blood flow (diabetes, atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease)