AP Psych Important People

Wilhem Wundt

first psych lab; structuralism

William James

first psych textbook; functionalism;

Mary Whiton Calkins

student of William James; president of the American Psychological Association

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to get a P.h.D. in psychology

G. Stanley Hall

studied child development and the first president of the American Psychological Association

Max Wertheimer

Gestalt psychologist; examining a person's total experience

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalysis; unconscious mind; repression; dream analysis; free association; defense mechanisms (repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation); manifest and latent content; psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital); Oedipus and Electra complexes; penis envy; identification; fixation; preconscious; consciousl pleasure principle; reality principle; id, ego, superego, libido; symptom substitution; hypnosis; transference; insight therapies

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

behaviorism; behavior is learned; Little Albert experiment; aversive conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning; behaviorism; experiment with dogs

B. F. Skinner

behaviorism; reinforcement; Skinner box; positive reinforcement=addition of something pleasant; negative reinforcement=removal of something unpleasant; escape learning=allows one to terminate an aversive stimulus; avoidance learning=avoiding the stimulus altogether; positive and negative punishment and reinforcement; behavior is personality; token economy

Abraham Maslow

humanism; determinism; hierarchy of needs; self-actualization; unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers

humanism; determinism; self-actualization; people need acceptance; client-centered therapy (person-centered theory); non-directive therapy; active listening

Charles Darwin

natural selection; evolution

Jean Piaget

cognitive psychologists; cognitive developmental theory: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzinga

cutting the corpus callosum to treat severe epilepsy

Paul Broca

Broca's area--in frontal lobe; controls the muscles involved in producing speech; if damaged it prevents us from moving the muscles needed to speak

Carl Wernicke

Wernicke's area--in temporal lobe; interprets both written and spoken speech; if damaged it affects our ability to understand language

Thomas Bouchard

identical twin study that found that IQ is heavily influenced by genetics

David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

discovered that groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different types of visual images; the visual cortex has feature detectors for vertical lines, curves, motion, and other features

Ernst Weber

Weber's law; computes the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change

Gustav Fechner

(Weber-Fechner law) the change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

Eleanor Gibson

visual cliff experiment with babies

Ernest Hilgard

dissociation theory of hypnosis; hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily

Robert Koelling and John Garcia

famous experiment illustrating how rats more readily learned to make certain associations than others

Edward Thorndike

operant conditioning; experiments with cat in a puzzle box; law of effect (if consequences are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase)

Robert Rescorla

contingency model of classical conditioning (cognitive view of conditioning)

Albert Bandura

oservational learning; modeling; Bobo doll experiment; personality is an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person's behavior (based on triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism); self-efficacy

Edward Tolman

latent learning--learning occurs but may not immediately be evidenced

Wolfgang Kohler

insight learning; chimpanzee experiment

George Sperling

sensory memory; iconic memory

George Miller

short term memory limited to seven terms, +/- 2; chunking; mnemonic devices

Alexandria Luria

eidetic memory (photographic memory)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

primacy effect; recency effect; serial position effect/curve

Noam Chomsky

language acquisition device, the ability to learn language rapidly as a child (aka nativist theory of language acquisition)

Elizabeth Loftus

constructed memory/recovered memory

Benjamin Whorf

linguistic relativity hypothesis-the language we use might control or limit our thinking

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

sexual response cycle (initial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase)

Alfred Kinsey

sexual orientation; homosexuality research

Carl Lange and William James

we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard

biological change and cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously; overestimated the role of the thalamus is awareness of emotions

Stanley Schachter

two-factor theory: both our physical responses and our cognitive labels combine to cause any particular emotion

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) which measure stress using life-changing units (LCUs)

Hans Seyle

general adaptation syndrome (GAS): the general response animals and humans have to a stressful event (alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion)

Konrad Lorenz

imprinting of baby animals; attachment

Harry Harlow

monkeys and importance of attachment: wire and soft "mother" monkey

Mary Ainsworth

strange situation; secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent attachments

Diana Baumrind

3 categories of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative

Lev Vgotsky

zone of proximal development: the range of tasks the child can perform independently and those tasks the child needs assistance with

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian; psychosocial stage theory (trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. shame and doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, intimacy v. isolation, generativity v. stagnation, integrity v. despair)

Alfred Binet

creator of the first intelligence test; mental age

Lawrence Kohlberg

morality; 3 categories: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

Carol Gilligan

pointed out flaws of Kohlberg's experiment; there is a gender-based difference in how we develop morals an ethics

Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow

feminists who found Freud's theory objectionable because of the assumption that men were superior to women; womb envy

Carl Jung

neo-Freudian; personal and collective unconscious; complexes; archetypes, shadow and persona

Alfred Adler

fear of failure (inferiority), superiority; importance of birth order

Hans Eyesnck

introversion and extraversion; stable-unstable scale

Raymond Cattell

16PF (personality factor)

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

big five personality traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, emomtional stability (neuroticism)

Gordon Allport

3 types of personality traits; cardinal, central, and secondary dispositions

Hippocrates

personality based on four humors (untrue); biological factors affect personality

William Sheldon

somatotype theory: endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph

George Kelly

personal-construct theory: people develop their own individual systems of personal constructs; based on fundamental postulate--people's behavior is influenced by cognitions and that by knowing past behavior, we can predict future behavior

Julian Rotter

locus of control (internal and external)

Francis Galton

a pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing

Charles Spearman

intelligence can be expressed by a single factor: g factor (g is for general); specific abilities--s

Howard Gardner

multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodiliy-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

Daniel Goleman

EQ or emotional intelligence; relates to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence

Robert Sternberg

triarchic theory-- three types of intelligence: componential/analytic,experiential/creative, and contextual/practical (street-smart)

Louis Terman

creator of Stanford-Binet IQ test

David Wechsler

adult intelligence scale (WAIS), intelligence scale for children (WISC) and preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI); deviation IQ

Aaron Beck

believes depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures (cognitive triad); cognitive therapy (esp. w/ depression)

David Rosenhan

conducted a study where he and associates entered a mental hospital claiming to hear voices and stopped acting like it after; every behavior of theirs was interpreted as a symptom of schizophrenia

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness; experiment with dogs and electric shocks

Fritz (Friedrich, Frederick) Perls

Gestalt and humanistic therapy; stress the importance of the present

Mary Cover Jones

counterconditioning

Joesph Wolpe

systematic desensitization; replacing anxiety with relaxation; anxiety hierarchy; in vivo desensitization; covert desensitization

Albert Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Richard LaPiere

attitudes don not perfectly predict behaviors

Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith

cognitive dissonance; study with boring task and getting paid to convince others to do it also

Harold Kelley

explains attributions based on three kind of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson

Pygmalion in the Classroom experiment; telling the teacher which students had a higher potential caused them to succeed and those with a lower potential to not succeed as much

Muzafer Sherif

Robbers Cave study; divided a camp into two groups and made them compete; then had to solve several emergencies by working together

John Darley and Bibb Latane

bystander effect; diffusion of responsility; pluralistic intelligence

Solomon Asch

conformity study (70% conformed)

Stanley Milgram

obedience studies (60% obeyed)

Irving Janis

groupthink

Phillip Zimbardo

prison guard and prisoner study