Poly Sci 12 Final Clayton Nall

What are the main early intellectual influences on American Political Government?

Classical Liberalism, Republicanism, English Constitutionalism

What Core Idea did classical liberalism contribute to American founding?

Natural rights, consent of the governed and limited government

What core idea did republicanism contribute to the american founding

civic virtue, mixed government, and promotion of the common good

what did english constitutionism contribute to american political thought

rule of law, limits on monarchy, and rights traditions

what major political conflict led to independence

taxation without representation and british attempts to reassert control

What was the great compromise

agreement creating a bicameral legislature with population-based house equal representation

what was the three fifths compromise

agreement to count enslaved persons as 3/5 for representation and taxation

what is the purpose of government according to the founders

protect rights, maintain order, provide public goods

What is a collective action problem

a situation where individuals have incentives to free ride or avoid cooperating even when cooperation is beneficial

How do institutions solve collective action problems

through rules enforcement, leadership and incentives

what are the three main types of governing arrangements

unitary, federal and confederal systems

what is seperation of powers?

division of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches with unique powers

what are checks and balances

mechanisms allowing each branch to limit the others powers

What is enumerated powers?

a power explicitly granted to congress in the constitution

what is an implied power

a power derived from necesary and proper clause

what is constitutional originalism

interpretation based on the original meaning of the text

what is the living constitution approach

interpretation that adapts to modern circumstances

what is dual federalism

a system where federal and state powers are distinct (layer cake)

what is cooperative federalism

a system with overlapping state and national responsibilities

what is the full faith and credit clause

states must recognize public acts, records and judicial proceedings of other states

What is the privileges and immunities clause

states cannot discriminate against citizens of other states

what is selective incorporation

applying the bill of rights to the states through the fourteenth amendment

what is strict scrutiny

highest standard of review; must serve compelling interest with narrowly tailored means

what is intermediate scrutiny?

Mid-level review; requires important government interest and substantially related means

what is a rational basis review?

lowest standard review; law must be rationally related to legitimate interest

what does the free exercise clause protect?

the right to practice ones religion without undue government interference

what does the establishment clause prohibit

government endorsement or establishment of religion

what kinds of speech are not protected

true threats, obscenity, incitement, and libel

what was the purpose of the civil rights act of 1964?

to ban discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and education

what did the voting rights act of 1965 do

prohibited racial discrimination in voting and required federal oversight in certain states

what is the difference between legal and social inequality

legal inequality concerns rights under the law, and social inequality relates to outcomes and lived experiences

what groups saw major civil rights expansions in the late 20th century

African Americans, Women, LGBTQ, and disabled americans

what is agenda setting in the media?

media influencing which issues the public views as important

what is framing

how media presentation shapes interpretation of issues

what is priming?

media influencing standards people use to evaluate leaders or issues

what is margin of error in polling

range of likely accuracy around a survey estimate

what is nonresponse bias

When certain groups systematically fail to respond to surveys

what are common forms of political participation

voting, volunteering, donating, protesting, and online activism

what did the 15th amendment do

protected voting rights regardless of race

What did the 19th Amendment do

granted women the right to vote

what did the 26th amendment do

lowered the voting age to 18

what is gerrymandering

manipulating district boundaries to favor a political party

what is the electoral college

system allocating votes to states for selecting the president

what is the main purpose of political parties

to organize competition and coordinate candidates

what is a party coalition

a durable group of voters and interests aligned with a party

what is an open primary

a primary where any voter can participate regardless of party

what is a closed primary

a primary limited to registered party members

what is the free rider problem in interest groups

individuals benefit without contributing to the group

what are selective incentives

benefits provided to encourage participation

what is lobbying

direct attempts to influence policymakers

what is grassroots mobilization

encouraging the public to pressure officials

what is the trustee model of representation

representatives make decisions based on their judgment

what is the delegate model of representation

representatives follow constituents preferences

What is incumbency advantage

electoral benefits enjoyed by current officeholders

what is the role of committees in congress

to divide labor, conduct hearings, develop expertise, and develop legislation

what are expressed presidential powers

powers explicitly granted by the constitution

what are delegated powers

powers given by congress to the executive to implement laws

what is the bully pulpit

using public visibility to shape opinion and pressure congress

what are inherent powers

implied powers in national security or crises

what is an executive order

a directive from the president from the president that carries the force of law

what are the three levels of the federal court system

district courts, circuit courts, and the supreme courts

what is the stare decisis

principle that courts follow precedent

what is judicial review

the power to strike down unconstitutional laws

what is standing

requirement that a plaintiff must have suffered an actual injury to sue

what does the pew ideology quiz measure

underlying political values across economic, social and foreign policy dimensions

what do pew ideological groups represent

clusters of Americans with similar beliefs, demographics, and political attitudes

what should you know about your pew ideology quiz results

your assigned group and the core values, policy attitudes, and demographic tendencies associated with it