A&P Final

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest?

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position.

anatomical

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral is

anterior

The common term for the carpal region is the

wrist

The thoracic cavity contains the

pericardial and pleural cavities.

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

receptor; control center; effector

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except

Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.

Carbohydrate molecules

are the body's most readily available source of energy.

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

phospholipids

Which of the following are functions of proteins?

All of these are functions of proteins.

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base.

nitrogenous

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

adenosine triphosphate.

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

outermost electron shell.

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________.

cation; anion

Stored energy that has the ability to do work is called

potential energy.

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes?

They are consumed during the reaction.

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by

hydration spheres.

Which of the following statements about water is false?

It has a relatively low heat capacity.

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can

All of the answers are correct.

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________.

replication; transcription; translation

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except

thermal insulation.

Identify the mismatched pair.

carrier proteins—allow a cell to move

The cell theory includes all of these concepts except

every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8).

1) mitochondrion 5) synthesizing molecules

2) centriole 6) liquid in cell

3) endoplasmic reticulum 7) provides cell with energy

4) cytosol 8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus

1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level?

a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

Microvilli are found on cells of the inner surface of the small intestine, where they

increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food.

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except

housing the chromosomes.

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false?

It sends transport vesicles to the RER.

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells?

lysosomes

Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false?

The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.

A gene is a set of specific instructions that

indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the

membrane's permeability to the substance.

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except

the availability of ATP.

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.

hypertonic

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called

facilitated diffusion.

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called

active transport.

In DNA replication,

two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome.

The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Identify the branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

physiology

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?

cardiovascular

The wrist is ________ to the elbow.

distal

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

sagittal

In ________ a stimulus produces a response that opposes or negates the original stimulus.

negative feedback

The smallest living unit within the human body is

a cell.

The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of

mitosis

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as

the membrane potential.

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except

carbohydrates

The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is

smooth muscle.

All of the following are true of neurons except that

they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.

Tissue changes with age include all of the following except

proliferation of epidermal cells.

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

gap junction.

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption and secretion.

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

endocrine

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

matrix.

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic.

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

areolar tissue.

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross

epithelial tissue.

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

cartilage.

Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration.

insensible

The sensory cells associated with the deep layers of the epidermis are

Merkel cells.

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of

melanin.

Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight?

vitamin D

Which of the following statements concerning hair is false?

Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

The largest quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum

corneum.

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is called ________ perspiration.

insensible

Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Blood flow to the skin increases.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the

bladder.

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the

stomach.

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis external 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called

absorption

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin.

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

parasympathetic stimulation.

Within the oral cavity, both mechanical and chemical ________ begin.

digestion

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis.

Which structure is not found in the oral cavity?

conchae

Which statement about tissues is correct?

An organ combines several different tissues.

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

osseous tissue

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Germinative cells

divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

macrophages

Characteristics of the epidermis include

All of the answers are correct.

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce

melanin.

Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development.

bone

Fine hairs (like "velvet") that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________ hairs.

vellus

Unlike cartilage, bone

undergoes remodeling throughout life.

________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.

Three

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

uvula

The oral mucosa in much of the oral cavity such as the roof of the mouth and the surface of the tongue is comprised of ________ epithelium.

keratinized stratified squamous

Each of the following is a function of the liver except

antibody production.

The basic functional units of the liver are the

lobules