Mental and Physical Health Vocab
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143 Terms
- Stress
A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
- Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure.
- Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
- Specific phobia
An anxiety disorder involving a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
- Agoraphobia
Fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult.
- Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
- Panic attacks
Sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that reach a peak within minutes and include a variety of physical symptoms.
- Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such situations.
- Taijin Kyofusho
A form of social anxiety common in Japan involving fear of causing offense or embarrassment to others.
- Generalized anxiety
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
- Causes of anxiety disorders
Likely a combination of genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, and life experiences.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Disorders characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
- Obsessions
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted.
- Compulsions
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.
- OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder; a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
- Hoarding
A persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.
- Causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders
Likely a combination of genetic factors, brain abnormalities, and environmental factors such as trauma or stress.
- Dissociative disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
- Dissociative amnesia
Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete.
- Dissociative fugue
A state in which a person temporarily loses their sense of personal identity and impulsively wanders or travels away from their homes or places of work.
- Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
- Causes of dissociative disorders
Often associated with severe trauma experienced during childhood.
- Trauma and stressor-related disorders
A group of mental disorders that are the result of traumatic or stressful events.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
- Feeding and eating disorders
Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food.
- Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which an individual maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
- Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which an individual alternates between binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.
- Causes of eating and feeding disorders
Likely a combination of genetic predisposition, sociocultural factors, and psychological factors.
- Personality disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
- Cluster A personality disorders
Characterized by odd or eccentric thinking or behavior. Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
- Paranoid PD
Characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives.
- Schizoid PD
Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
- Schizotypal PD
Characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.
- Cluster B personality disorders
Characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior. Includes antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders.
- Antisocial PD
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) shows a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
- Histrionic PD
Characterized by excessive attention-seeking behavior, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.
- Narcissistic PD
Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
- Borderline PD
Characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, identity, and behavior.
- Cluster C personality disorders
Characterized by anxious and fearful thinking or behavior. Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
- Avoidant PD
Characterized by extreme shyness and sensitivity to rejection.
- Dependent PD
Characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.
- Obsessive-compulsive PD
Characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
- Psychodynamic therapies
Therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems.
- Free association
A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
- Dream interpretation
A psychoanalytic technique used to analyze the meaning of patients' dreams.
- Cognitive therapies
Therapies that teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
- Cognitive restructuring
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
- Fear hierarchies
A list of feared objects or situations, ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking.
- Maladaptive thinking
Faulty or illogical patterns of thought.
- Cognitive triad
In cognitive therapy, the three forms of negative thinking that are typical of individuals with depression: namely, negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
- Applied behavior analysis
Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.
- Exposure therapies
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.
- Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
- Aversion therapies
Treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of maladaptive behaviors.
- Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
- Cognitive behavioral therapies
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
- Dialectical behavior theory
A form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder.
- Rational-emotive behavior therapy
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
- Person-centered therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
- Unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
- Group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.
- Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
- Psychoactive medications
Drugs that affect mental processes and behavior by altering activity in the brain.
- Antidepressants
Drugs used to treat depression; often increase the availability of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which elevate arousal and mood.
- Antianxiety
Medications used to reduce anxiety; often work by depressing central nervous system activity.
- Lithium
A chemical used to treat the mood swings of bipolar disorder.
- Antipsychotics
Medications used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia; often work by blocking dopamine receptors.
- Tardive dyskinesia
A condition affecting the nervous system, often caused by long-term use of some psychiatric drugs.
- Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
- Lesioning
Intentional destruction of brain tissue.
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression.
- Electroconvulsive therapy
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
- Lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to
- Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
- Specific phobia
An anxiety disorder involving a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
- Agoraphobia
Fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult.
- Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
- Panic attacks
Sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that reach a peak within minutes and include a variety of physical symptoms.
- Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such situations.
- Taijin Kyofusho
A form of social anxiety common in Japan involving fear of causing offense or embarrassment to others.
- Generalized anxiety
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
- Causes of anxiety disorders
Likely a combination of genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, and life experiences.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Disorders characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
- Obsessions
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted.
- Compulsions
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.
- OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder; a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
- Hoarding
A persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.
- Causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders
Likely a combination of genetic factors, brain abnormalities, and environmental factors such as trauma or stress.
- Dissociative disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
- Dissociative amnesia
Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete.
- Dissociative fugue
A state in which a person temporarily loses their sense of personal identity and impulsively wanders or travels away from their homes or places of work.
- Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
- Causes of dissociative disorders
Often associated with severe trauma experienced during childhood.
- Trauma and stressor-related disorders
A group of mental disorders that are the result of traumatic or stressful events.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
- Feeding and eating disorders
Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food.
- Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which an individual maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
- Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which an individual alternates between binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.
- Causes of eating and feeding disorders
Likely a combination of genetic predisposition, sociocultural factors, and psychological factors.
- Personality disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
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Flashcards (179)