genetics test 2

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extranuclear inheritance / cytoplasmic inheritance

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236 Terms
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extranuclear inheritance / cytoplasmic inheritance

inheritance patterns involving genetic material outside the nucleus

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nucleoid

where genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts are located, can contain several copies of the chromosome

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oxidative phosphorylation

main function of the mitochondria, a process used to generate ATP

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genome

all the genetic material an organism possesses

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euploidy

variation in the number of complete sets of chromosomes

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aneuploidy

variation in the number of particular chromosomes, occurs through nondisjunction

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trisomy

textra copy of all the genes, can express too much of the genes on this chromosome

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monosomy

one less copy of all genes, can express too little of the genes on this choromosome

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nondisjunction

occurs when homologs are pulled to the same pole or the centromere does not split

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familial down syndrome

trisomy 21, chromosome 21 and 14 are fused together

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deletion / chromosomal deficiency

occurs when a chromosome breaks and a fragment is lost

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cri-du-chat

results from a deletion of a small terminal portion of the short arm of chromosome 5

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gene family

consists of two or more genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene

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homology

descent from a common ancestor

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orthology

decent from a common ancestor by genome division

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paralogy

descent from a common acestor by duplication within a genome

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globin gene

encode subunits of proteins that bind oxygen, 14 paralogs on three different chromosomes

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inversion

total amount of genetic information stays the same, linear sequence is rearranged

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balanced translocation

formed by breakage and reunion of chromosomes, recombination between repeate sequences

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reciprocal translocations

DNA gets swapped between non-homologous chromosomes or broken DNA's reactive ends created by breaks are recognized by repair enzymes and joined together

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nonreciprocal translations / unbalaned translocations

the transfer of genetic material occurs in only one directio

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robertsoninan translocation

fusion of two telocentric chromosomes in the centromere region

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PAR

psuedoautosomal regions, critical to segregation of x and y chromosomes during male gametogenesis

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MSY

male-specific region Y

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SRY

sex-determining region y

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TDF

testis-determining factor, triggers testes formation, binds DNA and regulates gene expression

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psuedoautosomal inheritance

the very few genes found on both X and Y chromosomes, has gotten shorter in evolutionary time

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polypoid

have multiple complete sets of chromosomes

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monoploid set

basic chromosome set, from which all the other genomes are formed

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autopolyploids

have all chromosomes in the polyploid sepcies derive from a single diploid ancestral

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allypolyploids

comeplete sets of chromosomes from two or more different ancestral species, much more common

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anitbiotics

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, used to treat bacterial infections. will target different cellular processes to restrict bacterial growth

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carbon-source mutatns

cannot utilize a particular carbon source (sugar) for energy

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lac-

a mutant that lost the ability to break down and use the sugar lactose as its only carbon source

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auxotrophic

unable to synthesize an essential nutrient

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leu-

a bacterium that has lost the ability to synthesize the amino acid leucine

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prototroph

synthesizes all essential compounds

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antibiotic resistance

bacterium can grow in the presence of antibiotic that it was formerly sensitive to

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rich / complete media

all nutrients are supplied

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minimal media

has very few nutrients

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selection

only the organism with the phenotype of interest grows -- live or die only

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screening

all phenotypes will grow, but they will be different (ie. colony shape, color, growth rate, enzyme production)

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conjugation

direct DNA transfer between a donor and recipient bacterium, requires interaction between bacterial cells

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transduction

transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage

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transformation

uptake of extracellular DNA released from dead bacterium, requires a receptor and competence factors

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lederberg and tatum experiment

demonstrated genetic transfer by bacterial conjugation, bacteria were able to transfer DNA so all necessary nutrients are produced

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pilus

how bacteria physically interact during conjugation

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fertility factor / f factor

confers the ability to donate DNA (fertility) during conjugation

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episome / plasmid

small, extrachromosomal circular piece of DNA that determines f factor, also contains genes for tranferring itself to cells that lack f factor

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f+ cells

have the f factor, serve as donors (recipients become f+)

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f- cells

lack f factor, act as recipients, can act as donors once converted to f+

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plasmid

small circular pieces of DNA, contain one or more genes, replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomr plasmidse

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r plasmids

confer antibiotic resistance

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col plasmids

encode colicins that can kill neighboring bacteria

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virulence plasmids

carry genes that turn bacterium into pathogenic strains

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conjugative plasmids

plasmids which are transmitted via conjugation, also carry the genes requires for conjugation

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tra & trb

play a role in a the transfer of DNA

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hfr cells

high frequency of recombination, derived from f+ strains. act as donor strains, created when an f factor integrates into the chromosome. recipients of hfr strains do not become f+ or hfr (stay f-)

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interrupted mating experiments

demonstrated that specific genes in an hfr strain are transferred and recombined sooner than others, used a map gene order on the chromosome based on their time-of-entry from a donor hfr strain into a f- recipient strain

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f' plasmids

f plasmids excised along with some chromosomal DNA, recipient cells become f'

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merozygote / merodiploid

partially diploid, seen in f' plasmids

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bacteriophage

a virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells, composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, can follow the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both

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virulent phages

only undergo a lytic cycle

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temperate phages

can follow both lytic and lysogenic cycles

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generalized transduction

any piece of bacterial DNA can be incorporated into the phage

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transduction step 1

infection of the donor cell, gene can be inseted in phage particle (rare)

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transduction step 2

infection of the recipient cell, gene combined with recipient genome

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natural transformation

DNA uptake occurs without help

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artificial transformation

DNA uptake occurs with the help of special techniques

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competence factors

proteins that facilitate the binding, uptake, and incorporation of DNA into the bacterial chromosome

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competent

cells that can take up DNA

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helicase (DnaB)

unwinds the DNA helix as replication proceeds, travels 5' to 3'

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ssDNA binding protein (SSB)

binds and protects ssDNA

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primase

RNA polymerase which can synthesize a RNA primer for initiation, requires DNA template and ribonucleotide triphosphates

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DNA polymerase 1,3

synthesize DNA, prooofread, involved in replication

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gyrase

reduce increased coiling generated during unwinding

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DNA polymerase 1

remove RNA primers, active on the lagging end, proofreads, synthesizes DNA to fill in gaps from primer removal

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ligase

join the gap-filling DNA to the adjacent strand, joins 3'-OH with 5'-phosphate

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temperature sensitive mutants

can survive at a low/permissive temperature, and will fail to grow at the nonpermissive temperature (which is higher)

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oriC

origin of replication, where replication starts

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DnaA box

a DNA sequence that is bound by the protein DnaA

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DnaA protein

binds DnaA boxes and to each other, causes DNA bending --> separation of strands in the AT-rich region

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DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam)

methylates the A on both strands of GATC immediately after replication -- the parental strands are methylated but it takes several minutes for the daughter strands

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exonucleases

cut DNA from an end

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