American Expansionism (1890-1920) Review

Flashcards covering American Expansionism from 1890-1920, including factors influencing expansion, key figures, acquisitions like Alaska and Hawaii, and events in Latin America and Cuba.

What was the general shift in U.S. foreign policy between the 1870s and 1890s?

It moved from focusing on domestic issues to focusing on outward expansionism.

How did presidential power in foreign policy change during the late 19th century?

Presidential power in foreign policy increased as the U.S. pursued expansionism.

What were key drivers for U.S. foreign policy expansionism in the late 1800s?

Economic needs (like overseas markets) and the desire for greater international influence.

Which of these was NOT a main reason for U.S. expansionism: overseas markets, international Manifest Destiny, domestic politics, or global disarmament?

Advocating for global disarmament.

What were the main factors influencing U.S. expansionism?

The need for overseas markets, an international interpretation of Manifest Destiny, and domestic political considerations.

Which two Secretaries of State were crucial in getting 'stepping stones' in the Pacific?

William H. Seward and James G. Blaine.

What was the purpose of these 'stepping stones' in the Pacific?

They served as coaling stations, naval bases, and strategic points for trade routes, especially towards Asia.

In the late 1870s, which two Pacific island groups became key 'stepping stones' for the U.S.?

Samoa (from 1878) and Hawaii (from 1877).

Why were Samoa and Hawaii considered important 'stepping stones'?

They were vital for naval refueling, resupply, and securing trade routes across the Pacific.

What event is known as 'Seward's Folly'?

The U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia.

When did 'Seward's Folly' (the Alaska purchase) occur?

In 1867.

Why was the Alaska purchase initially called 'Seward's Folly'?

Critics mocked Secretary Seward for buying what they saw as a barren, icy wasteland.

How did Alaska later prove valuable?

It became valuable for its natural resources (like gold and oil) and its strategic location.

How much did the U.S. pay for Alaska?

7.2 million.

What was the approximate size of Alaska when purchased?

500,000 square miles.

What was the cost per acre for Alaska?

Roughly 2 cents per acre.

Who authored 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History'?

Alfred Thayer Mahan.

In what year was 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History' published?

1890.

What was Mahan's main argument in 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History'?

He argued that control of the sea was the key to global power and prosperity for nations.

According to Alfred Thayer Mahan, which of these was NOT essential for world powers: a strong navy, global naval bases, extensive land armies, or a strong merchant marine?

Extensive land armies for conquering continents.

What elements did Mahan consider essential for world powers?

A strong navy, a robust merchant marine, a network of global naval bases, and a government committed to maritime expansion and trade.