WEEKS 1-4 Psychology FInal Exam Review

Psychology

Is a science about the mind a psychologist consist of curiosity (empirical approach) + skepticism (critical thinking) + Humility (data drawn conclusion)

Biopsychosocial Approach

This is a 3 level Analysis where it explains the Biological (genetics) , Experiential (Cognition, memories), and Social (familia expectation) factors centered around a concept

Read- Recite - Review Method

Structuralism

(STRUCTURE OF MIND)

categorize internal thoughts to help understand the minds elements break down conscious experiences into sensations and images 

• Wundt: He believed that Basic Elements = Sensations and discovered how thoughts fit together

Functionalism

(PURPSOE of Mental Processes) 

This explains the why, how  and purpose of emotional behaviors 

• why do peopel do what they do 

Behaviorism

Psychological approach that focuses on measuring and studying Observable behaviors and not on internal thoughts

• John Watson: focused one environmental stimuli and what behaviors or responses are produced form that (stimuli —> repsonce)

• BF Skinner: studied how consequences affected behvior —> ACTION vs CONSEQUENCE (reinforcement leanring)

Cognitive Psychology

How does the mind think (doesn’t only rely on behaviors)

• EC Tolman: Rats created cogntivie maps showing that they KNEW the environemnt not jsut the rewarded actions

Humanistic Psychology

How Do people grow

The study of how people grow and acheive through human needs

• Abraham Maslow: Hierarch y of Human Needs throguh human needs acheive personal growth —> Self ascendation

Positive Psychology

The study of what makes peopel thrive and happy (focuses on well mbeing)

Operational

The exact procedure in the study which purpose serves as the specific test on the concept they are measuring

Experiment

Manipulation occurs to demonstrate cause and affect

Independent variable

The variabel which is manipulated in the study

Dependent Variable

Variable that is the result (measures the result)

Correlational Study

manipulation doesn’t occure but eveyrhting else of itnerest is measured to see relationships

Neuropsychology

Study of the function of brain from the perspective of the individuals abilities, emotions, and beliefs

Neuroimaging

Noninvasive way of brain mapping showing brain activity

Neuroscience

The study fo the brain and its structures and functions

Cerebral Cortex

holds 4 lobes and is known as the new brain = Responsible for Higher Function

Cortex: 

This is the outer layer and consists majority of neurons known as grey matter

Motor Cortex

• responsible for Movement (Controls from opposite sides)

• more cell for bdoy aprts that require mroe precision such as fingers, mouth, and face

Somatoesensory Cortex

Responsible for touch perception

• perception occurs on oppsoitde sides left hemisphere controls right sid eof body

• Cells organizes like the body neighbor cells control neighbor body parts

• more cells / space taken up in cortex in places for higher perceptions areas 

Link of Somatosensory Cortex

Somatosensory cortex is like a body map where each body part correlates with an assigned space in the cortex higher perception areas = more space taken up

Right index finger —> Left somatosensory cortex finger area (which has large cortical area)

Frontal 

CEO of the Brain  

Front of brian = Future thinking + Decisions 

Frontal = Thinking + Movement 

• planning

• Decisionmaking

• speaking

• personality

• voluntary mvoement 

Parietal Lobe

Sensing the world

Parietal = Pressure, Pain, Position 3 Ps

Touch, Pressure, Temperature, Body psoition

Temporal Lobe

Hearing + Memory

Temperal = TEMPO = Hearing 

• hearing

• Language

• Memory

• Recognize faces

Occipital Lobe

EYES of the brain- VISION

Occipital = optics = eyes

Plasticiity

Brian always chanigng devleoping new neural pathways NOT RIGID

Neuron

The cell repsonisble for Processing Information

Dendrites

Message receivers

Axon

Passes message from Cell bdoy to a muscle, gland, another neuron

Action Potential

A charged impulse traveling down the axon (primary message Machien in the neuron

Neurotrasnmitter

Chemicals messengers that cross the synapse between neurons

Nervous System

The entire set of neurons and neurotransmitters creating a network to communicate acroos the body 

Central nervous Systme

Consists of the Brian + Spinal Cord processes ifnromaiton and controll all beahviro protein by bones and fluid

Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of all the nerves outisde the brain and spinal cord it mainly carries messages from body to CNS controls Voluntary and Unvolunatry Functions

Autonomic

This controls involuntary movements such as heart beat)

• Parasympathetic

• Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Calms the body down reduces heart bea slows down and conserves energy 

Sympathetic

Arouses th ebdoy (Ready to run aroudn the block)

Somatic

Voluntary movement controls the muscles movement (walking instructions from CNS)

Motor Ouptut

CNS sends signal to muscles fro mvoement commands going out from CNS signals

Sensory Input

from body receptors to CNS carries signlas to the brain (senses) touch,pain temperature 

Neural Network

A network of neurons working together consisting of = Motor + Inter + Sensory

Motor Neuron

Neurons taking Instrucitons from CNS send signlsas to Muscles

Interneurons

Between the sensory and motor neruosns hleps process information

Sensory Neurons

Body receptors on skin send signals to CNS

Hemispheres of the Brain

The Cerebral Cortex is split into two hemiospheres left adn right

Thalamus

Sneosry cotnrol and sensory infor relay station direction info to the brain stem and cerebellu

Brain Stem

Oldest part of the brain Consists of Midbrain + Pons + Medulls

• Midbrain = motor movement

• Pons = coordination

• Medulla = breathing reflexes (sneeze)

Cerebellum

Considered the little brain (has many funciton and its under the cerebral cortex

Hippocampus

Memory Formation