Latin American Art Test 2

Patronato Real

deal between Pope and Catholic monarchs which grants privileges to monarchs if they guarantee the spread of Christianity

didactic

art with the intention of teaching something

viceroyalty

administrative territory used to divide the Spanish colonies in the Americas

viceroy

administrator/governor of a viceroyalty

tlacuilo

codex author

friar

man belonging to a religious order who came to Americas with evangelism as his only goal

Catechism of Fray Pedro de Gante

82-page manuscript by Spanish friar, listed Catholic teachings in pictures (invented his own pictographic writing) to try to communicate with Americans

1524 New Spain

Catechism of Fray Pedro de Gante date and origin

Codex Telleriano-Remensis

book-style codex painted by unnamed tlacuilo which includes Mesoamerican calendar, history of Mexica, and pictographic and Spanish text

1562-62 New Spain

Codex Telleriano-Remensis date (range) and origin

Relaciones Geográficas

documents and maps commissioned by the king of Spain in 1577

1581 New Spain

Map of Cholula date and origin

Map of Cholula

map that was part of the Relaciones Geográficas and featured a mix of Spanish and Indigenous perspectives, glyphs, and styles

1575-1577 New Spain

Florentine Codex date (range) and origin

Florentine Codex

12-book codex that includes entire history from gods to conquest

Florentine Codex

codex that was commissioned by Bernardino de Sahagún but allowed the tlacuiloque a large amount of agency

1468

number of illustrations in the Florentine Codex

mendicant orders

groups of missionaries that adopt a lifestyle of poverty and traveling to evangeliz based on specific teachings (e.g., Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, Mercedarian)

tabula rasa

blank slate - term used to refer to the Americas’ capacity for becoming a perfect Christian society

millenarianism

belief that after everyone is converted to Christianity, a 1000-year peace period will be ushered in

Missionary Architecture

architecture style that focuses on evangelizing Indigenous Americans by bringing religious spaces to them

atrium

walled area of missionary architecture

posa

small chapels for procession that are maintained by indigenous groups

open-air chapel

part of missionary architecture that is connected to the atrium and good for large crowds

porteria

part of missionary architecture that is used for secular education

cloister

part of missionary architecture that provides a living area for friars

merlon

a triangle-shaped stone that sits atop the church or wall to symbolically represent the church as a fortress

atrial cross

part of missionary architecture that sits at the center of the atrium and is often didactic

SanFrancisco de Tajimaroa

church and atrium that features an atrial cross with obsidian

uncu

tunic worn by elite Inka men

fresco secco

mural painted on dry plaster

trompe l’oeil

phrase meaning “fool the eye” - refers to murals painted on the walls to look like tapestries

wooden polychrome sculpture

most common type of sculpture in colonial period

Santiago Mataindios

wooden polychrome sculpture of saint killing Indigenous people as he rides his horse

estofado

technique in which gold leaf and paint are adhered in layers and then removed to reveal patterns

Formative/Pre-Classic

Olmec period

Olmec

civilization known as the first great Mesoamerican culture

San Lorenzo

first main site for Olmecs

La Venta

second main site for Olmecs

Olmecatl

Nahuatl name meaning place of rubber

Kunz Axe

jadeite ceremonial celt made by the Olmecs

Las Limas figure

Olmec statue that features a youthful figure of ambiguous gender holding an infant

baby face

term that describes common Olmec depiction of infants with a howling or jaguar-like face

colossal heads

Olmec statues of elites that were placed around primary ceremonial spaces

Offering 4 at La Venta

set of 16 miniature figures and celts depicting a mythological or historic event that were buried by Olmecs and found in situ

260

number of days in the Mesoamerican sacred calendar

365

number of days in the Mesoamerican solar calendar

52

number of years it takes to complete one cycle of the Mesoamerican calendar system

yoke

ballgame equipment made of textiles and woven which was meant to protect the players from the hard ball

Formative/Classic

Teotihuacan Period

125,000

Teotihuacan population at its height

tablero y talud

architectural style used by the Teotihuacan in platforms and pyramids

Quetzalcoatl

Nahuatl name for the Feathered Serpent

deforestation

main cause of Teotihuacan’s demise

1325-1519

Mexica years

Tenochtitlan

capital city of Mexica

Aztlan

name of Mexica origin according to their mythology

Texcoco

lake that Tenochtitlan was built atop

sacred precinct

name of ceremonial area of Tenochtitlan

Teotihuacan

civilization that built the Pyramid of the Sun

Teotihuacan

civilization that built the Pyramid of the Moon

Teotihuacan

civilization that built the Temple of the Feathered Serpent

Templo Mayor

main temple of Tenochtitlan

Coyolxauhqui Stone

volcanic stone at the bottom of the Templo Mayor

Coatlicue monolith

Mexica statue of Huitzilopochtli’s mother

Mexica

civilization known for feathered headdresses

King Pakal

famous Mayan king buried at the Temple of the Inscriptions

Monte Albán

main Zapotec site

Formative to Late Classic

Zapotec period range

Building J

Monte Albán observatory

Zapotec

civilization known for elaborate funerary urns

Pre Classic to Post Classic

Maya period range

Palenque

main Maya site

Maya

civilization associated with mosaic jadeite masks

lakam-tuun

Maya stela of elite

hierarchy of scale

art term that refers to the way a figure’s symbolizes their importance

Mirror-Bearer

Maya wooden sculpture that depicts a real member of the court

Metropolitan Master

famous Maya artist with recognizable style