Carbocycles, Heterocycles, and Functional Groups Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering carbocycles, heterocycles, substituent placement rules, and organic functional groups from the combined lecture notes.

Carbocycle

A ring structure made up only of carbon atoms.

Ortho position

Substituent placement at positions 1,2 on a benzene ring.

Meta position

Substituent placement at positions 1,3 on a benzene ring.

Para position

Substituent placement at positions 1,4 on a benzene ring.

Phenol

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name hydroxybenzene.

Catechol

A carbocycle also known as pyrocatechol or o-dihydroxybenzene.

Resorcinol

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name m-dihydroxybenzene.

Hydroquinone

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name p-dihydroxybenzene.

Xylene

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name dimethylbenzene, occurring in o-, m-, or p- isomers.

Cresol

A carbocycle with the IUPAC names hydroxytoluene or methylphenol, occurring in o-, m-, or p- isomers.

Benzoic acid

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name carboxybenzene.

Salicylic acid

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Anthranilic acid

A carbocycle with the IUPAC names o-aminobenzoic acid or 2-aminobenzoic acid.

Aniline

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name aminobenzene.

Toluene

A carbocycle with the IUPAC name methylbenzene.

Benzaldehyde

An aromatic carbocycle commonly known as bitter almond oil.

Naphthalene

A bicyclic carbocycle commonly known as mothballs.

Anthracene

A tricyclic carbocycle also known as paranaphthalene.

Phenanthrene

A tricyclic carbocycle characterized as an ortho-fused benzenoid.

Azido group

A functional group represented by the structure $\text{HN=N-NH}$.

Azo group

A functional group represented by the structure $\text{NH=NH}$.

Hydrazo group

The reduced form of an azo group, represented by the structure $\text{H-N-N-H}$.

Sulfonamide group

A functional group represented by the formula $\text{-SO}_2\text{NH}_2$.

Sulfoxide group

A functional group represented by the formula $\text{-SO}-$.

Sulfonyl group

A functional group represented by the formula $\text{-SO}_2-$.

Acetyl group

A functional group represented by the structural formula $\text{H}_3\text{C-C(=O)-}$.

Nitroso group

A functional group represented by the formula $\text{-NO}$.

Nitro group

A functional group represented by the formula $\text{-NO}_2$.

Urea

A functional group or compound represented by the formula $\text{CO(NH}_2)_2$.

Carbamate

A functional group listed under Part 2 of the new functional groups in the notes.

Guanidine

A functional group listed under Part 2 of the new functional groups in the notes.

Pyrrole

A 5-membered heterocyclic compound belonging to the "-ole" group containing one nitrogen atom.

Imidazole

A 5-membered heterocyclic compound formed by adding a nitrogen atom to pyrrole (pyrrole + N).

Oxazole

A 5-membered heterocyclic compound containing oxygen and nitrogen in its ring.

Thiazole

A 5-membered heterocyclic compound containing sulfur and nitrogen in its ring.

Indole

A bicyclic heterocycle composed of benzene fused with pyrrole.

Thiophene

A 5-membered sulfur-containing heterocycle listed in Group II.

Furan

A 5-membered oxygen-containing heterocycle listed in Group II.

Puran

A 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocycle listed alongside thiophene and furan in Group II.

Pyridine

A 6-membered nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle belonging to the "Py-" group.

Pyrazine

A 6-membered aromatic heterocycle in the "Py-" group containing two para-positioned nitrogen atoms.

Pyrimidine

A 6-membered aromatic heterocycle in the "Py-" group formed by adding a nitrogen atom to pyridine.

Piperidine

A saturated 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom, belonging to the "Pipe-" group.

Piperazine

A saturated 6-membered heterocycle containing two opposite nitrogen atoms, belonging to the "Pipe-" group.

Purine

A bicyclic heterocycle composed of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.

Quinoline

A fused bicyclic heterocycle consisting of benzene fused to a pyridine ring.

Isoquinoline

A fused bicyclic heterocycle that is a structural isomer of quinoline.