1.3 Chemical induced lung damage and deposition

bolinger

deposition sites of gases in the resp tract defines their…

pattern of toxicity

the pattern of toxicity of gases is determined by…

deposition sites in the resp tract

what factors determine how deeply a gas penetrates the lungs?

solubility, diffusivity, metabolism, and reactivity

highly soluble gases penetration into the lungs

they cant get past the nose

are highly soluble gases toxic to the lungs? why or why not?

nah fam, they cant even get past the noses so they non toxic

relatively insoluble gases penetration in the resp system

reach the smallest airways and the alveoli

are relatively insoluble gases toxic to the resp system ?

yuhhhh, they reach the smallest airways and alveoli and elicit toxic responses

examples of insoluble gases

ozone, CO, and NO2

CO can pass thru the resp system adn are taken up by the….and then get…

pulmonary blood supply and get distributed to the rest of the body

particle deposition efficiency depends on…

particle size and shape

particle size and shape determines

efficiency of particle deposition

when is particle surface area important

when the surface is reactive with the biomolecular targets or when toxic material are carried into the lungs

dust particle size

≥1.0-μm

which aerosol has a particle size of ≥1.0-μm?

dusts

fumes particle size

≤0.1-μm

which aerosols has a particle size of ≤0.1-μm?

fumes and fogs

smoke particle size

≤0.5-μm

which aerosol has a particle size of ≤0.5-μm?

smoke

mists particle size

2- to 50-μm

what aerosol has a particle size of 2- to 50-μm?

mists

fog particle size

≤1.0-μm

smog particle size

≥0.01- to 50-μm

which aerosol has a particle size of ≥0.01- to 50-μm?

smog

dusts are

particles generated by mechanical division as in grinding

particles generated by mechanical division as in grinding

dusts

fumes are

particles generated by condensation of vapors as in heat metals or oils

particles generated by condensation of vapors as in heat metals or oils

fumes

smoke is

complex carbon particles generated condensation of products from combustion

complex carbon particles generated condensation of products from combustion

smoke

mists are

water droplet or solutions generated by mechanical shearing of bulk liquid as in spraying

water droplet or solutions generated by mechanical shearing of bulk liquid as in spraying

mists

water droplets generated by water vapor condensation on atmospheric nuclei

fog

fog is

water droplets generated by water vapor condensation on atmospheric nuclei

smog is

air pollution generated by stationary and mobile pollution source

air pollution generated by stationary and mobile pollution source

smog

what are the deposition mechanisms for particles

impaction, interception, sedimentation, diffusion, electrostatic deposition

impaction occurs in the…

upper resp tract and the large proximal airways

impaction occurs where the airflow is _____(slower or faster)

faster

interception occurs when…

particles hit the surface and get stuck on them

interception is most important for the deposition of…

fibers!!!!

interception is dependent on the ____ of the fiber

length

sedimentation controls deposition in which areas

smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar spaces

why does sedimentation control deposition in the smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar space?

small airways have low velocity of airflow

diffusion is important in which parts of the resp system

nose, airways, and alveoli

diffusion is typically for particles of ___ size

≤0.5 μm

nanometer particles are also trapped in the upper airways by…

diffusion

which deposition mechanisms are occurring during exercise induced heavy breathing?

impaction in the large airways

sedimentation and diffusion in the smaller airways

breath holding increases which forms of particle deposition

sedimentation and diffusion

electrostatic deposition is reserved for ____ particles

positive charged

the surface of the airways are ____ changed

negative

lung defense is dependent on…

particle clearance

materials that get deposited in the lungs can then…

dissolve from the surface of the particles and enter the epithelium, endothelium, blood stream, or lymphnodes

some particles after deposition can directly…

penetrate cell membranes and evade clearance

particle clearance from the respiratory tract is NOT equivalent to

clearance from the body

the only mechanisms that deposited particles can be removed from the body are…

nasal wiping and coughing

particles deposited in the nose are cleared based on…

site of deposition and solubility in mucous

particles deposited in the anterior portion of the nose are removed by…

extrinsic actions like wiping or blowing

particles deposited in the ______ portion of the nose are removed by extrinsic actions like wiping or blowing

anterior

particles deposited in the posterior portion of the nose are…

entrapped in mucous and swallowed

particles in the ___ position of the nose are entrapped in mucous and swallowed

posterior

insoluble particles are generally cleared from the nose in healthy adults are are ___ within ____ of deposition

swallowed ; an hour

particles deposited in the tracheobronchial tree are removed by…

mucociliary clearance

particle laden macrophages are moved upward to the ___ where they are ____

oropharynx; swallowed

mucociliary clearance is ____ in healthy ppl, completed within ____ for particles deposited in lower airways

rapid; 24-48 hrs

particles deposited in the alveolar region are removed by…

alveolar macrophages

lung defense involves both ___ and _____ immune systems

innate and adaptive

innate immune system

confers immediate recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of bacteria and microbes that are in the airway or alveolus

which immune system confers immediate recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of bacteria and microbes that are in the airway or alveolus

innate

adaptive immune system

confers long-lasting or protective immunity to the host that is specific to a foreign microbe or material (antigen)

which immune system confers long-lasting or protective immunity to the host that is specific to a foreign microbe or material (antigen).

adaptive

macrophage phagocytosis depends on…

recognition of foreign or damaged cells by macrophage surface macromolecules and receptors

phagocytosis requires the particle binding to the membrane specifically via…

recognition molecule–receptor interactions or nonspecifically by electrostatic forces

phagocytosis requires receptor activation which…

starts cell signaling

phagocytosis requires ___ which will initiate cell signaling

receptor activation

phagocytosis requires actin polymerization and coordinated cytoskeletal movements that lead to…

extension of membranes

phagocytosis requires _____ which leads to extension of membranes

Actin polymerization and coordinated cytoskeletal movements

phagocytosis requires the formation of a _____

phagosome

Following alveolar deposition, ___ rapidly engulf particles

macrophages

Some insoluble particles may be phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and removed via ____

lymphatic drainage