Unit 4 American Identity and Expansion

How did Jefferson’s republicanism impact the new nation?

It influenced the nation with limited government, individual rights, and agrarianism. He expanded America with the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark expedition. He supported states’ rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution, laying the groundwork for the nation's growth.

Republicanism

Republicans believed in a limited federal government, the importance of individual rights and class equality.

Midnight judges & Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Right before Adams left office he began appointing many federalists into government roles, they were called midnight judges because of how they were appointed right before Adams left office. As Jefferson was appointed as president and set up Madison as secretary of state, Madison decided that he wasn’t going to appoint the midnight judges. A certain man (Marbury) argued that law declared Madison can’t do that. The supreme court agreed with Marbury, but then stated that the law was unconstitutional and deemed that the supreme court could decide if a law was constitutional or not. Giving the court power. The start of Judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

France bought New Orleans from Spain, which brought worry to America (due to the revolution and Napoleons ideals of world rule). Jefferson offered to by New Orleans from France (Fr needed money). Fr ended up selling all of Louisiana to Am (Am didn’t follow the constitution because there’s nothing saying the president can buy foreign territory. These new lands needed to be explored and mapped out so there we have Lewis and Clark.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

The War of 1812 occurred because Am was tired of being “bullied”by Br. Causes of the war: Impressment (Br taking Am sailors), Anglophobia (Scared of England), American expansion into Native lands, America wanted Canada, Br tried to control Am through trade regulations, and Am believed Br was aiding in Native Resistance against Am expansion.

Effects: Canadian nationalism, many a death, no territory loss(except for Natives), U.S confirmed as its own nation, end of federalist party, Am nationalism because they didn’t lose 😎

Embargo Act; War Hawks (War of 1812)

The embargo of 1812. Fr and Br were blockading trade between the U.S and Fr/Br. U.S established the embargo to force Fr and Br to stop the blockade, but it didn’t work. Farmers suffered. The War Hawks were a group of politicians who supported the war and initiated legislation to steer the U.S towards war.

Tension with Native Americans (War of 1812)

The War didn’t directly involve natives, however, there had been some relations with Am believing Br was aiding natives against Am expansion and that Natives joined Br’s side during the war. Before the war there had been Tecumseh’s confederacy, who wanted to unite Native Am tribes to fight against Am settlers. His brother, Tenskwatawa(religious figure) believed the only way to restore native health was to push out whites, however, the confederacy was destroyed in 1811 and it was the last time tribes in the Great Lakes attempted a strong resistance.

Impact of the War 1812

It solidified American independence, boosted national pride, led to the demise of the Federalist Party and the rise of nationalism, increased westward expansion, and increased tensions with Native American tribes. Made America realize that it needed a strong national bank in order to generate funds, and showed how weak American transportation was.

Tariff of 1816

It was implemented after the war of 1812 to protect U.S manufactured goods from overseas competition. There was a 25% import tax for all wool and cotton goods imported into the U.S. This hurt many farmers because with no competition, sellers in American could raise their prices.

Henry Clay’s American System

His system included: tariffs to protect and promote American industries (placed high taxes on imports), a national bank, and sponsored the development of roadways and canal system to improve transportation in America.

Panic of 1819

A U.S. financial crisis caused by the end of the War of 1812 it led to banking issues, and reduced international trade. It led to economic hardship, bankruptcies, foreclosures, and high unemployment rates, causing a depression until the mid-1820s. Investment in foreign lands stopped

Marshall’s Supreme Court: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

It revolved around the superiority of the national government over the states when carrying out constitutional duty. The court decided that the Federal Government had the right to set up a federal bank and states did not have the power to tax the government.

Missouri Compromise and sectional arguments

(MO)Missouri applied for statehood, however, NY(New york) said they’d only support it if MO became a free state, MO slave owners and the south refused. The compromise was that ME(Main) would become a free state and MO a slave state to keep the balance of slave and free states 1-1.

Jackson’s campaign in Florida

After acquiring(buying) Florida from Spain, Andrew Jackson led a campaign to destroy the Seminole people (Natives who lived in Florida).

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Declared the U.S continent closed to Europeans (Europeans couldn’t take western lands). If they intervened the U.S would retaliate.

How did the Market Revolution shape the American economy, geography, and society?

It revolutionized production, transportation, and consumption, establishing a market-based economy, industrialization, and capitalism. New transportation systems fueled urban growth and industry, it also led to wage labor, urbanization, and changes in social classes and gender roles.

Cotton economy

It was the increase of production and selling of cotton in the U.S. The invention of the cotton gin played a significant role in this growth. As a result, slavery expanded, the South became a major agricultural region, and the North experienced industrialization.

Cotton gin; spinning jenny; flying shuttle

The cotton gin made it easy to separate seeds from cotton fibers increasing and quickening production, the spinning jenny spun cotton or wool, as it allowed more threads of wool or cotton to be produced, and the flying shuttle allowed threads to be shot backwards and forwards across a wider bed, and allowed thread to be woven at a faster rate.

Geographical and cultural transformation of slavery

Demands for cotton led to an expansion of slavery and lands needed for farming. Slavery was justified for economic growth and white racial superiority. Due to the increase of demands and lowered prices, enslaved people were pushed to their limits and forced to pick more and more cotton, if they didn’t meet their quota they were beaten.

Factory system; Lowell mills (Industrial Revolution)

The factory system used machines as a way to increase production and often relied on women and child labor due to the wages for the two groups being less than the wages for a man. Mills were mainly used as a way to produce cotton, this is where most women were employed.

Mechanical inventions (Industrial Revolution)

It introduced the steam engine, spinning jenny, cotton gin, and steamboat. These inventions boosted productivity, efficiency, and production scale in textiles, transportation, and manufacturing.

Corporations to raise capital (Industrial Revolution)

Corporations often raised capital by issuing stock to investors, by taking bank loans, by issuing bonds, or by reinvesting profits. This helped them expand, adopt new technologies, and drive economic growth.

Erie Canal; steamboats; roads (Transportation Revolution)

The eerie canal improved trade by connecting the east coast to the midwest. Steamboats further increased the speed of transportation of goods. Roads connected all major cities together and once again improved speed of travel. Steam engines also improved speed of travel and transportation, connecting major cities together. (Major point = speed and efficiency of the transportation of goods was increased.)

Migration west (Transportation Revolution)

Transportation advancements, such as canals, roads, and railroads made westward expansion easier, expanding the United States and developing new territories.

Women: expanded job opportunities; more rigid domestic roles (T and I revolution)

It led to expanded job opportunities for women, particularly in factories; however, it also resulted in more rigid domestic roles for women as societal expectations emphasized their primary role as homemakers and caregivers.

Economic and social mobility (T and I Revolution)

The Transportation and Industrial Revolution boosted the economy and aided in mobility. Canals, railroads, and steamships improved trade and transportation, improving economic growth and job opportunities. Technological advancements and industrial growth created new jobs and enabled many to advance their societal standing.

What did democracy mean during the Age of Jackson?

Democracy included political participation and the idea of popular sovereignty(government based on consent of the people. It emphasized the belief that political power should be held by the common folk, rather than a small amount of wealthy people.

Development of new political parties - Whigs and Democrats

The Whig Party opposed Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. They favored a strong federal government, protective tariffs, and the building of canals, bridges and railroads between states. The Democratic Party, supported states' rights, limited government intervention, and agrarian interests.

Andrew Jackson’s presidency

During Jacksons Presidency, the Indian Removal Act( the relocation of native tribes), the Nullification Crisis (which shows federal authority over states rights), and opposition to the national bank(destruction of the second bank) all occurred. His election brought forth the creation of the spoils system and he expanded the rights of white male voters. But also destroyed the American Economy

Andrew Jackson’s presidency: Spoils system

Where the winning political party of an election rewards supporters and campaign workers with government positions.

Andrew Jackson’s presidency: Nullification crisis; Tariff of Abominations

The Nullification crisis: Doctrine wrote on nullification- states did not have to follow laws if they didn’t agree with them/like them. There was a tariff that increased prices on foreign goods, and led to no protection on cotton. SC was loosing money. Threatened to secede if not allowed to nullify the tariff. Jackson had to threaten SC with force, SC backed down.
The Tariff of Abominations was a tariff that raised taxes on imports containing raw materials, textiles, and iron goods as to reduce foreign competition. This made the South angry as the tariff only aided in Northern manufacturing.

Andrew Jackson’s presidency: Bank War

There was a secondary bank chartered by congress, it provided loans to fund internal improvements, business people and northerners generally liked the bank. Jackson disliked the bank. The bank needed a new charter to continue running (every 20 years a charter needed to be renewed), Jackson vetoed the charter. Bank had a campaign and the bank runners loosened credit to gain support (gave out a ton of loans). Jackson wanted to remove all the federal funds from the bank, that was illegal, so instead he slowly payed government bills with money from the bank, but didn’t put more money in, leading to bankruptcy. Because the bank was giving money out for support, inflation occurred, and then the 1837 financial panic.

Participatory democracy

Many believed that everyone should have the right to vote on decisions that would affect their lives. Participatory democracy is when people were participating in democracy and they all believed they had a say.

American Indian removal: Five Civilized Tribes

They were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations. They were called this because they had good economic ties with white people and quite a few had assimilated into American culture, owning plantations, mills, and etc. However, most of these tribes were forcibly moved out of their land. Just something to know: The Cherokee had a constitution, written language and newspaper

American Indian removal: Indian Removal Act (1830)

Indian territory had been created in areas bought in the Louisiana Purchase, with the expected result being all natives located in the east moving there. When tribes refused, Jackson forcibly pushed natives out.

American Indian removal: Trail of Tears

The Cherokee nation had been fighting for recognition as a foreign nation, however, the government refused to acknowledge them as such and instead of guaranteeing the Cherokee nation land, they took it away. A treaty was signed saying the people of the Cherokee nation would then move to land purchased during the Louisiana purchase. When only 2000 moved, Van Buren(new president) sent troops to round up 14000 people and march them to their new “home”. 3000 died either from starvation or exhaustion. Once in Oklahoma, the Cherokee tribe excluded anyone of black or mixed-black heritage.

National culture: Public education and new opportunities for women

As public education evolved, the length of school years were increased, and teacher preparation for school years increased. There was expansion on what was being taught, such as morals. The virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety were pushed as these behaviors were needed for an industrialized society. Higher education became popular and women were allowed to attend college in certain places. Improving their education and understanding of the world. Enabling them to become more active in political spaces.

National culture: Painting and photography; Hudson River School

New form of painting emerged at the Hudson River School and it was uniquely American. It represented the beauty of American landscapes.

Democratized religion: Religious freedom under Jefferson

Individual responses to god. Freedom of religion for all.

Democratized religion: Second Great Awakening

It was religious revival in the US that aimed to democratize religion. It emphasized personal salvation and an individuals relationship with religion. It led to the rise of new religious groups and religious involvement in society. It also influenced social reform movements and had a significant impact on American society.

Democratized religion: Utopian communities (Shakers; Oneida)

Both wanted to be utopias (the perfect society) and both failed.

The shakers believed in communal living, gender equality, men and women who lived as brothers and sisters and shared common ownership of property.

The Oneida believed in communal living, complex marriage( someone who is free to have sex with anyone who consented), and they produced silverware.

Democratized religion: Church of Latter-Day Saints

Aimed to restore the original christian church. Book of Mormon (As God spoke to Moses and Noah, he also spoke to Americans). Believe in frugality, hard work, communal discipline, and polygamy (having more than one partner).

Democratized religion: Transcendentalism

It was created by New England intellectuals. There was a turn towards romanticism (intuition, nature feelings). It questioned religious doctrines and American materialism - encouraged individualism. Appealed to the middle class. Civil disobedience. Sparked Transcendentalism communities such as the Brook farm. Focused on individualism, self reliance and connection to nature.

Social and moral reform movements

Temperance (attempts to limit or ban the consumption of alcohol), education ( improvements in schooling such as length, what was being taught, and schooling for the physically disabled), and social reform improvements (mental hospitals providing professional psychiatric help to those in need, and prisons to help reform criminals).

Abolitionist and antislavery movements

Many attempts to remove slavery had gone in affect as many Christians saw it as a sin. Some believed that sending African Americans to Africa would be the best solution(American Colonization Society), however, most African Americans wanted to stay in America as that was where they were born. The American Anti-Slavery society wanted a ban on slavery in every territory without compensation to the slave owners. Some even condemned the constitution calling it pro-slavery. Black abolitionists were most vocal, often aiding fugitive slaves in escaping the south, and violent abolitionists often promoted the use of violence and slave uprisings to get enslaved people out of slavery.

Women’s rights movement

The women’s rights movement was aided by the calls for the abolition of slavery. As women’s voices weren’t being heard/were overlooked during abolitionist meetings, this prompted some to start protesting for women’s rights. Women often brought up that they were undermined and unappreciated in all forms of society.

Dates to remember. Type, Y, to answer

1803 - Louisiana Purchase

1812 - 1815 - War of 1812

1823 - Monroe Doctrine

1830 - Indian Removal Act

Y