Honors A & P Quiz 1

Levels of organization:

cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Homeostasis

means maintaining relatively stable internal conditions.

Negative feedback

reverses a change and is the most common type of homeostatic control (e.g. body temperature regulation)

Positive feedback

amplifies a process until a specific endpoint (e.g. labor).

Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts

break down/resorb bone; osteocytes maintain bone tissue.

Axial skeleton

forms the central, vertical axis of the body with 80 bones to protect vital organs.

The appendicular skeleton

has 126 bones made up of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the center to help with movement

Skeletal muscle

attaches to bones to control voluntary movement and posture.

Cardiac muscle

makes up the heart wall to pump blood

Smooth muscle

lines hollow internal organs to move food, blood, and fluids involuntarily

Isometric

contraction produces tension without changing muscle length.

CNS & PNS

CNS = brain and spinal cord; PNS = nerves outside the CNS.

Afferent signals

travel toward the CNS

efferent signals

travel away from the CNS

Sympathetic

generally fight-or-flight; parasympathetic = generally rest-and-digest.

Hormones

travel through the blood and affect target cells with appropriate receptors.

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Promotes water conservation; insulin generally lowers blood glucose; glucagon generally raises it.

Know the basic path of blood through the heart:

Blood travels through the heart in a continuous cycle split into two sides: Right side of heart oxygen-poor blood→ lungs; left side of heart oxygen-rich blood→ body. Valves guide the blood and stop it from flowing backward.

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart

Blood

contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hemostasis

helps stop bleeding through vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Lymphatic vessels

return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

Innate immunity

provides rapid, nonspecific defenses.

Adaptive immunity

is specific and can produce immune memory.

B cells

are central to antibody-based humoral immunity; T cells are important in cell-mediated immunity.

Alveoli

are major sites of gas exchange

O2 moves into blood;

CO2 moves out of blood.

Hyperventilation

tends to lower blood CO2 and raise blood pH.

Emphysema

damages alveolar walls and reduces gas-exchange surface area.

Mechanical digestion

physically breaks food apart; chemical digestion uses enzymes and other substances

The small intestine

is the major site of nutrient digestion and absorption.

liver

processes nutrients, produces bile, and performs important metabolic and detoxification functions.

Know the general roles of the stomach

small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder: stomach churns food with acid and enzymes. The small intestine absorbs nutrients, while the large intestine absorbs water and forms waste. The liver makes bile, the gallbladder stores it, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes.

nephron

is the functional unit of the kidney

Major nephron processes:

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

increases water reabsorption and helps conserve body water.

The kidneys

help regulate water, electrolytes, blood pressure, and acid-base balance.

Spermatogenesis

produces sperm; oogenesis produces the female gamete