universality
when researchers wrongly assume findings about one group can be applied to everyone
ethnocentrism
when psychological researchers assume that their cultural practice is the correct one and others are therefore wrong
cultural relativism
The ability to correct one’s ethnocentrism
etic approach
Looking across cultures to identify universal behaviours
emic approach
Identifying culturally specific behaviours
Alpha bias
when researchers put too much emphasis on the the differences between men and women
Beta bias
when researchers minimise the differences between men and women. Leads to Androcentrism
androcentrism
where the male perspective is seen as right/normal, which in turn makes the female perspective abnormal
alpha bias study
Freud’s theory of Penis Envy
beta bias study
The Stanford prison experiment. 24 participants, all male, generalised to all prisoners including female.
gender bias studies
Stanford Prison Experiment (Beta Bias)
Freud's theory of Penis Envy (Alpha bias)
cultural bias study
stanford prison experiment (all european except one hispanic)
Freud's Theory of Penis Envy
In this theory, girls must resolve a sexual conflict that they must resolve during their stages of development and learning. This causes them to be envious of boys as they wish they had a penis. This is a clear example of alpha bias because Freud placed heavy emphasis on the stark difference between a girl’s anatomy compared to a boy’s anatomy.
gender bias improvements study
Stanford Marshmallow Experiment by Mischel