Unit 3-Reformations and Religious Wars (1500-1600)

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation, known for his 95 Theses which criticized the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

a religious result of the reformation

Religious fervor increases among christians, both protestant and catholic missionaries sent to all over the world

where were protestantism and calvinism popular respectively

Germanic states liked protestant ideas, while in france england and scotland, the urban middle class were drawn to calvinism

germany economic condition

poor, crop failures aggregated religious tensions, and led to peasants revolt of 1525

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism is a movement that opposes the influence of the clergy or religious leaders in political or social matters, often advocating for the separation of church and state.

simony

selling of church offices

absenteeism

Absenteeism refers to the frequent absence from a duty or obligation, often without valid reasons. In a religious context, it can denote clergy members neglecting their duties.

diet of worms and significance

lither refused to recant his 96 theses, and escaped prosecution. after luther escaped and translated the bible into german

what was scandinavias popular religion

lutheranism

What were Luther's 3 slogans?

1. Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone) 2. Sola Fide (Faith Alone) 3. Sola Gratia (Grace Alone)

ulrich zwingli

disagreed with luther about the eucharist,

what were calvin’s main ideas

predestination, people in geneva couldn’t have fun (no gambling dancing theater etc.), church and state should be together, plain churches with no images

anabaptists

Anabaptists were a radical Christian movement during the Reformation who advocated for adult baptism, separation of church and state, and the refusal to bear arms. They emphasized a personal relationship with God and communal living.

literacy and protestantism

luther translation of the bible into german, king james bible in england, and luther’s emphasis on scripture, created more people who needed to learn to read, also printing press

peace of augsburg 1555

individual princes in the HRE can choose between catholicism or lutheranism

effect of Henry VIII’s church of england

led to opposition by catholics, eg thomas more who was executed,

st bartholomews day massacre 1572

massacre of huguenots, Henry of Navarre, the leader of protestant forces won, but converted back to catholicism to regain peace, he issued the edict of nantes in 1598 giving religious freedom to huguenots

why was the catholic reformation successful in stopping the spread of catholicism in 1600s?

groups like the jesuits and ursulines spread catholic ideas around, and council of trent where church refuses to modify its doctrines, also at the council marriages had to be performed in private

why did german peasants support lutheranism

they saw the principle of social equality, when nobles seized their lands in the german peasants war they saw their demands in scriptures, and turned to luther

how did luther feel towards peasants

initially was sympathetic, but changed and urged nobles to suppress them

Witchcraft and its Causes (1550-1600)

The period saw widespread fear of witchcraft, driven by social upheaval, religious conflict, and scapegoating of marginalized individuals, particularly women. This led to witch hunts and trials across Europe.