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Quasi-experimental design
A research design that lacks random assignment to groups and thus cannot conclusively establish causal relationships.
Nonequivalent control group design
A research design that compares treated groups to matched control groups that have not received treatment, usually assessed with pretests and posttests.
Regression to the mean
The phenomenon where extreme measurements tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements.
Interrupted time series
A research design that examines the effect of an intervention by measuring outcomes at multiple time points before and after the intervention.
Program evaluation
The systematic assessment of the design, implementation, and outcomes of a program to determine its effectiveness.
Needs analysis
A systematic process for determining and addressing needs or gaps between current conditions and desired conditions.
Formative evaluation
Evaluation conducted during the development or implementation of a program to improve its effectiveness.
Summative evaluation
Evaluation conducted after a program has been implemented to assess its effectiveness and outcomes.
Cost-effectiveness analysis
A method that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study generalize to or have relevance for settings, people, times, and measures other than the ones used in the study.
Internal validity
The degree to which an experiment accurately establishes a causal relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Double blind
A study design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment, to prevent bias.
Counterbalancing
A method used in within-subjects designs to control for order effects by varying the order of conditions.
Ethical dilemmas
Moral challenges faced during research, which may involve issues of consent, privacy, and potential coercion.
Attrition
The loss of participants from a study over time, which can impact the validity of the research results.
Pilot study
A small-scale preliminary study conducted to test a procedure or intervention before a larger-scale study.
Experimental group
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention.
Control group
The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure the effects of the treatment.