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18 Terms

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Quasi-experimental design

A research design that lacks random assignment to groups and thus cannot conclusively establish causal relationships.

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Nonequivalent control group design

A research design that compares treated groups to matched control groups that have not received treatment, usually assessed with pretests and posttests.

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Regression to the mean

The phenomenon where extreme measurements tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements.

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Interrupted time series

A research design that examines the effect of an intervention by measuring outcomes at multiple time points before and after the intervention.

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Program evaluation

The systematic assessment of the design, implementation, and outcomes of a program to determine its effectiveness.

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Needs analysis

A systematic process for determining and addressing needs or gaps between current conditions and desired conditions.

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Formative evaluation

Evaluation conducted during the development or implementation of a program to improve its effectiveness.

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Summative evaluation

Evaluation conducted after a program has been implemented to assess its effectiveness and outcomes.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis

A method that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.

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External validity

The extent to which the results of a study generalize to or have relevance for settings, people, times, and measures other than the ones used in the study.

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Internal validity

The degree to which an experiment accurately establishes a causal relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

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Double blind

A study design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment, to prevent bias.

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Counterbalancing

A method used in within-subjects designs to control for order effects by varying the order of conditions.

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Ethical dilemmas

Moral challenges faced during research, which may involve issues of consent, privacy, and potential coercion.

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Attrition

The loss of participants from a study over time, which can impact the validity of the research results.

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Pilot study

A small-scale preliminary study conducted to test a procedure or intervention before a larger-scale study.

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Experimental group

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention.

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Control group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure the effects of the treatment.