A&P2 Chapter 23

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1) The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum). All of the following statements about the enterohepatic circulation are true except one. Select the statement below that is not true of the enterohepatic circulation?

B) All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation.

2) Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion?

C) Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed with in the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the G.I. Tract.

3) Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients?

B) the esophagus

4) Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?

A) the stomach

5) Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?

C) The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.

6) Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.

A) lipid emulsification

7) A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.

D) eating foods that are low in fat

8) A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.

D) it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

9) All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.

A) The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.

10) Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________.

C) occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

11) Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

D) The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

12) Select the description below that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle.

A) A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material.

13) In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ________.

D) long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract

14) The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to the previous statement. Select the one answer that is not true.

C) The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

15) All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.

C) The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

16) Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?

D) parietal cells

17) Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.

D) slow the activities of the stomach

18) Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.

D) increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

19) Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.

B) It would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.

20) Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. All of the following but one will occur. Select the statement below that would not occur.

B) A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up.

21) The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

A) in the walls of the tract organs

22) The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

23) The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

D) digestion

24) When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

D) chemical digestion

25) The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.

D) mesenteries

26) From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

27) Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

C) secretion of pepsinogen

28) What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing?

B) enamel

29) The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.

B) lamina propria

30) Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.

B) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.

31) The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

C) villi, and microvilli

32) Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.

A) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

33) Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

34) Which of the following is not true of saliva?

D) contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

35) The solutes contained in saliva include ________.

C) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

36) The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme.

B) stomach

37) Peristaltic waves are ________.

C) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

38) Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

D) chief cells of the stomach

39) You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

A) amylase

40) The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.

A) hepatopancreatic ampulla

41) Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

C) lipase

42) Hepatocytes do not ________.

B) produce digestive enzymes

43) Chief cells ________.

C) produce pepsinogen

44) Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.

A) catabolism

45) The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.

C) liver

46) Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

C) lipids

47) The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

B) canine tooth

48) The lamina propria is composed of ________.

D) loose connective tissue

49) Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

D) carbohydrates

50) The function of goblet cells is to ________.

C) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

51) Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

C) fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates

52) Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.

B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

53) Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

D) fungiform and circumvallate

54) Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

D) parietal cells

55) Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presents of a high concentrations of protein fragments?

B) trypsin

56) A child with restricted tongue movement may have a surgery that involves the cutting of the ________.

A) lingual frenulum

57) What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?

C) intrinsic factor

58) Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.

A) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.

59) Paneth cells ________.

D) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

60) Select the correct statement about absorption.

B) In the rare case that intact, whole proteins are transported across the mucosal endothelium, an immune response may be generated.

61) Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.

C) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

62) The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

63) Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.

B) secretin

64) Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?

D) inferior vena cava

65) Which of these is not a component of saliva?

D) a cyanide derivative