General Animal Science AGAIN BRUH SMH

Estrus signs

swollen vulva, solid standing, stiffened ears

Age when boars are sexually active

7 months old

What is the time frame when sows must be ready to breed?

4 to 7 days

What is the time period after a sow farrows that signals a problem ?

Intervals longer than 15-20 min between pigs

* Finishing

* Feeder pigs (6-8 months old) are grown to market weight ( above 280 lbs.)

* Purebred or seed stock

* These are like farrow-to-finish except their salable product is primarily breeding boars and gilts or show pigs, which may be purebred or controlled crossbreeds

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* Integrated corporate production

Farrow-to-finish and often have their own seed-stock production (or long-term arrangements with seed-stock providers) as well.

* Lard type
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Developed and reared to get extremely fat so that they would produce the maximum amount of lard

Lard type of pigs

* Duroc, Chester White, Poland China, Spotted Poland China

* Bacon type
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Leaner, longer-sided hogs that produced more bacon

Bacon type of pigs

* Tamworth and the Yorkshire

* Hampshire and the Berkshire go into what type of category ?

Intermediate/Lard

gilts

* They should be grown to reach 250 lbs. in their first 7 months of life

sows

• Must be ready to rebreed within 4 to 7 days of weaning the litter

• Sows are easy to synchronize in heat

  • Within 3 to 7 days of weaning a litter, most sows come into heat

boars

• Most boars are sexually active by 7 months of age

• Another method is hand-mating

  • Only put together specifically to mate and are then separated

farrowing management

• Baby pigs frequently succumb to being tangled in the afterbirth

• Bleeding navels or inability to nurse in a timely manner

scours in pigs

common in piglets

* diarrhea can lead to life-threatening dehydration
* may result in decreased gains and performance

Proliferative enteritis

causes thickening and possible bleeding of the intestinal lining

gastric ulcers in pigs

may die due to severe bleeding from gastric ulcers.

risk is decreased by minimized stress and controlling respiratory infections

What causes gastric ulcers

pelleted and finely ground feed

* Coarse feed –

higher pH, lower concentrations of pepsin and bile acids

* Fine feed –

results in more fluid gastric digesta, low pH, higher pepsin and bile acids

What states were hit hard in the late 1900 for pig manure disposal ?

Iowa and North Carolina

veal

1-3 months old(less than 150 lbs)

calf

3-10 months old (150 -300 lbs)

In which operation has a perminate herd of animals where calves are produced, but pure bred animals isn't the main focus.

cow calf

What is the least amount of days preconditioning should last?

45 days

Which is a caustic paste is used in which common procedure of cattle?

dehorning

Which operation would you expect to be a genetic supplier for beef cattle?

seedstock

Seedstock operations breed crossbred cattle.

false

Which is true about preconditioned claves compared to non-preconditioned calves?

sell for a premium

definition of cull

* __r__efers to removing non-desirable animals from a herd (often to be killed and  harvested)

* __Seedstock operation/segment__:

• genetic supplier which produces purebred BULLS and

crossbred breeding FOR BULLS

• Bulls are a major product of this

cow-calf segment

* operation  where a permanent herd of breeding cattle is kept  to generate calves that are typically sold at weaning

what is the goal of cow-calf segment ?

to produce heavy calves with the least amount of cost

what season is common for cow-calf ?

spring/fall season

true or false :

* Calves will spend the first 6 – 10 months of their life in a cow-calf operation

true

True or false:

* Lighter calves are generally sold to a stocker operation 

true 

true or false:

* heavier calves can be

sold directly to a feedlot operation

true

Veal=

the beef product from a young calf

definition of preconditioning segment

• Getting calves accustomed to eating from a feed bunk

• Subjecting calves to a vaccination protocol

• Will dehorn or castrate if/when needed

USUALLLY LASTS FOR 45 DAYS

Stocker segment

where low to moderate weight

calves are grown to heavier weights

This system is the most cost effective way, and calves will spend 3-9 months in a STOCKER OPERATION

Feedlot Segment🦃

• are operations where cattle are  separated into pens and fed a higher  concentrate (grain) diet until ready for market.

• weight ranges from 900-1400

what is the feedlot segment also called?

the finishing phase

Packer/packing segment. aka death ☠️☠️

* facility where livestock are euthanized, and their carcasses are



processed and packaged

Top packing

* companies in the United States include

* JBS USA,  Cargill meat solutions and Tyson foods

When is the best time to dehorn?

* The optimum time for dehorning is in the horn bud stage when the horns



haven’t attached to the skull

als referred to as disbudding

How long does the horn bud stage last ?

2-3 months

What are the two different methods of castration?

• Surgical castration: Using a knife or tool to make an incision in the scrotum and extract  the testis

• Banding: Using a tool to place a rubber band around the scrotum. This restricts the  blood flow to the testicles and they naturally slough off within 3 – 5 weeks

Tagging I.D

• Tagging is a more temporary form of identification

• Can be easily placed and removed

• Identifying numbers or symbols can be obscured

• Tags can fall off

Branding I.D.

• Viewed as more inhumane by the public

• Can damage the value of the hide if improperly placed

• Permanent and more reliable than tags

* Milk is a great source of what?

protein, minerals, and  vitamins

also high in calcium and phosphorus

What states are milk produced in ?

* California, Wisconsin,  Idaho, New York, and Texas

Mastitis

• Inflammation of the mammary tissue

• when harmful microorganism enter the teat from the outside and  infect the mammary tissue

Symptoms are producing abnormal milk

how to test for mastitis

measuring SCC

during an infecting the number of leukocytes increases.

Hypocalcemia

low calcium

milk fever

causes: not enough calcium in diet, end of pregnancy

symptoms:muscles tremors, inability to walk

displaced abomasum

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common in dairy cattle, happen soon after calving

symptom:reduced feed intake & milk, diarrhea

treatment: rolling animal onto its back or surgery

acidosis(free gas bloat)

low luminal pH and excessive gas

cause: feeding high concentrate

frothy bloat

excess luminal gas is trapped in a foam and not free gas

cause: greasing of lush pasture w/ high protein

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scours

diarrhea caused by viruses or calves who didn’t receive colostrum

lameness

animals capability of moving is hindered. caused by injury or infection which is caused by foot rot.