Enrichment Terms: Week 3 Chapter 5 Skeletal System

annulus fibrosus

The outer ring-like portion of an intervertebral disk

calvaria

The dome-like upper portion of the skull

coxa

hip

cruciate ligaments

Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and fibula. They are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Cruciate means “shaped like a cross”

genu

the knee

glenoid cavity

The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus

hallux

the great toe

malleolus

The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle

meniscus

Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints, such as the knee joint. In the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur. Meniscus means “crescent” (plural: menisci (meh-NIS-si)

nucleus pulposus

The central mass of an intervertebral disk

olecranon

The process of the ulna that forms the elbow

os

bone (plural: ossa)

osseous

pertaining to bone

symphysis pubis

The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of the two pubic bones; also called pubic symphysis

achondroplasia

Decreased growth of cartilage in the growth plate of long bones resulting in dwarfism; a genetic disorder

baker cyst

Mass formed at the knee joint by distention of a bursa with excess synovial fluid resulting from chronic irritation

bunion

Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other toes

bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint; causes include injury, irritation, and joint disease; the shoulder, hip, elbow, and knee are common sites

carpal tunnel syndrome

Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a tunnel formed by carpal bones

chondroma

a benign tumor of cartilage

Ewing tumor

A bone tumor that usually appears in children 5 to 15 years of age. It begins in the shaft of a bone and spreads readily to other bones. It may respond to radiation therapy, but then returns. Also called Ewing sarcoma

exostosis

A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone

giant cell tumor

A bone tumor that usually appears in children and young adults. The ends of the bones are destroyed, commonly at the knee, by a large mass that does not metastasize

hammertoe

Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a claw-like appearance and the first joint protrudes upward, causing irritation and pain on walking

hallux valgus

Painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe at the metatarsal joint. There is also enlargement of the metatarsal head and bunion formation

Heberden nodes

Small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal joints of the fingers in osteoarthritis

hemarthrosis

Bleeding into a joint cavity

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the femur. The bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity and weakness. Most common in young boys. Also called coxa plana

multiple myeloma

A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow (see Chapter 10)

neurogenic arthropathy

Degenerative disease of joints caused by impaired nervous stimulation; most common cause is diabetes mellitus; Charcot arthropathy

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the tibia causing pain and tendinitis at the knee

osteochondroma

A benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone

osteochondrosis

Disease of a bone's growth center in children; degeneration of the tissue is followed by recalcification

osteodystrophy

Abnormal bone development

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

A hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that fracture easily. There is faulty synthesis of collagen, the main structural protein in connective tissue

osteoma

A benign bone tumor that usually remains small and localized

Reiter syndrome

Chronic polyarthritis that usually affects young men; occurs after a bacterial infection and is common in those infected with HIV; may also involve the eyes and genitourinary tract

spondylosis

Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots; often applied to any degenerative lesion of the spine

subluxation

A partial dislocation

talipes

A deformity of the foot, especially one occurring congenitally; clubfoot

valgus

bent outward

varus

bent inward

von Recklinghausen disease

Loss of bone tissue caused by increased parathyroid hormone; bones become decalcified and deformed, and fracture easily

allograft

Graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but different genetic makeup; homograft, allogenic graft (see autograft)

arthroclasia

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

aspiration

Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity; also inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract

autograft

Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft; autologous graft (see allograft)

chondroitin

A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue; used as a dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain

glucosamine

A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain

goniometer

A device used to measure joint angles and movements (root goni/o means angle)

iontophoresis

Introduction into the tissue by means of electric current, using the ions of a given drug; used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

laminectomy

Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra

meniscectomy

Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint

myelogram

Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye; used to evaluate a herniated disk

osteoplasty

Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint

prosthesis

An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb