AP World History 52-92 Notes Review

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Song Dynasty Golden Age

A period of great prosperity, political stability, and cultural flourishing in China, characterized by six major ministries overseen by the Censorate.

Censorate

A specialized agency in Song China that exercised surveillance over the government and oversaw six major ministries.

Civil Service Exam in Song China

A rigorous examination system used to select high-ranking government officials in China.

Song China Population Growth

A population jump from 50 million to 120 million over 300 years, driven primarily by drought-resistant Champa rice.

Champa Rice

A fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice imported to China that allowed population to more than double in 300 years.

Hangzhou

The capital city of Song Dynasty China and its most populated urban center.

Song Dynasty Metallurgy

China's massive industrial production system for iron and steel during its economic revolution.

Printed Books in Song China

A major technological development that allowed mass production of literature, texts, and educational materials.

Grand Canal

A vast Chinese waterway system stretching over 1,000 miles that connected major cities and facilitated economic integration.

Status of Women in Song China

A social condition marked by reduced equality and tightening patriarchal restrictions on women.

Korean Tribute System

A diplomatic framework where Korea presented tribute and performed rituals of submission to China in exchange for gifts and peace.

Confucian Influence on Korean Women

The historical clash between original, freer Korean legal traditions regarding women and imported Confucian ideologies that ultimately restricted women's rights.

Hangul / Korean Writing

The independent language and writing system created by Korea to maintain cultural distinction from China.

Red River Valley

The cultural heartland of Vietnam that was fully incorporated into the Chinese state.

Vietnamese Tribute to China

Diplomatic tribute sent by Vietnam to China even after Vietnam achieved political independence.

Status of Women in Vietnam

Social conditions for women that were MUCH lighter and far less restrictive than those in China.

Japanese Voluntary Borrowing

Japan's process of selectively adopting Chinese culture on a voluntary basis due to physical separation by ocean.

Buddhism in Japan

A Chinese religious tradition that took root deeply within Japanese society alongside local customs.

Samurai

The warrior class of feudal Japan responsible for military force and defense.

Shinto

The indigenous primary religion and spiritual tradition of Japan.

Status of Women in Japan

A social structure providing women with much more independence compared to neighboring East Asian societies.

Arab Empire Expansion (1200)

A vast Islamic realm that stretched from Spain and Morocco in the west to India in the east.

Abbasid Dynasty Political Fragmentation

The breakdown of centralized political control in the Arab Empire by 1450, while its cultural and religious unity remained intact.

Turkic Peoples' Political Rise

Former slaves in the Arab empire who gained political power as the empire fractured, ultimately converting completely to Islam.

Mongol Invasion of 1258

The 13th-century military conquest that put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate.

Ottoman Empire Origins

A Turkic empire that took over the Anatolian peninsula (modern-day Turkey) in the mid-15th century.

Ottoman Empire Expansion (16th Century)

The extension of Ottoman power across Europe, the Middle East, Egypt, coastal North Africa, and around the Black Sea.

Ottoman Empire Role in Islam

A state that incorporated diverse cultures, brought renewed unity to the Islamic world, and achieved greater economic prosperity and military power than the prior Arab empire.

Turkic Islamic Regimes in India

Muslim regimes set up around 1000 that governed most of India until the 19th century.

Early Islamic Incursions into India

Initial violent encounters characterized by stealing treasure and smashing Hindu and Buddhist temples.

Delhi Sultanate

A systematic Islamic empire established in northern India after early violent raids subsided.

Converts to Islam in India

Disillusioned Buddhists and low-caste Hindus who were attracted to Islam's egalitarian principles.

Geographic Religious Divide in India

A political split where regional Indian empires controlled the South while Muslim regimes controlled the North.

al-Andalus

The Islamic realm established in Spain where Muslims, Christians, and Jews mixed freely.

Córdoba

The prosperous capital city of al-Andalus in Islamic Spain.

Demographics of al-Andalus (c. 1000)

The demographic state where approximately 75% of the Spanish population had converted to Islam.

Erosion of Tolerance in Spain

A late 10th-century shift in Islamic Spain where religious harmony broke down and Christians faced persecution.

Christian Re-conquest of Spain

The centuries-long military campaign from 1200 to 1492 in which Christian kingdoms retook the Iberian Peninsula.

Expulsion from Spain (Post-1492)

The policy by the Spanish monarchy outlawing Islam and forcing many Muslims and Jews to migrate to North Africa.

Spanish Intellectual Transfer

The preservation and translation of Arab and Greek scholar texts on philosophy, mathematics, and medicine that attracted philosophers to Spain.

Christendom Dynamics (1200-1450)

The simultaneous expansion and contraction of Christian territory across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Byzantine Empire

The predominant medieval Christian empire and direct state continuation of the Roman Empire, which declined around 1200.

Western European Cultural Synthesis

The combination of Greco-Roman-Christian traditions with local Germanic and Celtic cultures around 1200.

Byzantine Emperor Authority

The political and religious system where the Byzantine emperor served as both the head of state and top church authority.

Christian Church Division

The religious split between the Eastern Orthodox Church headed by Byzantium and the Roman Catholic Church led by the Pope in Rome.

Crusades (1095)

Holy wars launched by the Catholic Pope against Islamic forces starting in 1095.

Fourth Crusade (1204)

An expedition where Western Catholic forces seized Constantinople and briefly ruled Byzantium.

Kievan Rus Unification

The union of Viking traders and a diverse population in Ukraine around 1200 under a unifying religion.

Eastern Orthodoxy in Ukraine

A modified version of Byzantine Christianity adopted by a Ukrainian prince to unify his diverse population.

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

The final collapse of the Byzantine Empire when Ottoman forces conquered Constantinople.

Western European Political Structure

A fragmented landscape ruled by warlords rather than a single unified empire.

Geography of Western Europe

Mountain ranges preventing political unity, fertile lands supporting population growth, and long coastlines facilitating trade with Africa and Asia.

Feudalism in Europe

A decentralized socio-political system where isolated landlords gained power through conquest supported by knights.

Serfdom

A labor system evolved from Roman slavery where unfree peasants worked lands for lords, having slightly more rights than slaves.

Consolidation of European Monarchies

The gradual emergence of centralized kingdoms post-1000 in France, England, Spain, Scandinavia, and Germany (Holy Roman Empire).

European Military Innovation

Rapid advances in weapons and military technology driven by constant fighting between competing European states.

Gunpowder in Cannons (1450)

The integration of Chinese gunpowder technology into European artillery systems around 1450.

European Arsenal (1500)

The most advanced military weaponry in the world developed by Western Europe by the year 1500.

European Maritime Technology

Advanced naval systems built on Chinese inventions, specifically the magnetic compass and sternpost rudder.

Roman Catholic Church Wealth

Vast land ownership and political influence that led leading churchmen to grow wealthy and lose focus on spiritual missions.

Church and State Alliance in Europe

A reciprocal relationship where the state encouraged religious belief and the Church legitimized kings as god-given rulers.

Merchant Autonomy in Europe

Independence gained by merchants and whole cities due to power struggles between monarchs and the Church.

Early Capitalism in Western Europe

An economic system nurtured by independent city laws and growing merchant power.

Three Estates in Parliament

A representative body consisting of the Clergy (rich), Nobility (kinda rich), and Merchants (poor).

High Middle Ages (1000-1300)

A European golden age featuring population growth from 35 million to 80 million, new village formations, and expanded serf freedom.

Black Plague Labor Effects

Demographic loss that led to lower land rents and improved social conditions for surviving peasants.

Mechanical Energy post-1000

Agricultural and industrial growth propelled by mechanical energy innovations like cranks and flywheels.

Women's Urban Professions in Europe

Occupational opportunities in urban areas such as weaving, which declined as guilds closed to women by 1300.

Convents

Religious communities offering European women an avenue for education and independence from male authority.

Crusaders' Diplomatic Immunity

Special status and high social regard granted to Christian warriors fighting under the belief of 'god's will.'

Crusaders' Commercial Impact

A massive surge in European demand for Asian luxury goods brought back from encounters in the Middle East.

European Intellectual Centers

Universities created in major cities during the post-1000 legal and commercial revival.

Aristotle's Influence on Western Thought

Ancient Greek philosophical works translated and integrated into university teachings, forming the core of medieval scholarship.

Thomas Aquinas

A medieval Christian theologian who synthesized Aristotle's philosophy with Christian theology, laying foundations for the Scientific Revolution.

European Renaissance (1350-1500)

A cultural movement marked by major developments in art, literature, and intellectual pursuits based on classical ideas.

Mesoamerica and Andes Demographics (1200)

Regions housing the majority of the population in the Pre-Columbian Americas.

Olmec Civilization

The foundational Mesoamerican civilization established around 1200 BCE.

Mayan Civilization (250-900 CE)

A Mesoamerican civilization known for major architectural structures, advanced mathematics, and organized social systems.

Aztec Empire Timeline

A Mesoamerican empire that lasted from 1345 to 1528 before collapse caused by Spanish conquest.

Tenochtitlán

The capital city of the Aztecs, founded on a site seen with an eagle holding a snake on a cactus.

Tenochtitlán Infrastructure

An advanced urban center featuring massive pyramids and artificial agricultural islands.

Aztec Chinampas

Artificial agricultural islands constructed around Tenochtitlán to raise crops.

Aztec Human Sacrifice

A central religious ritual intended to supply human blood to the Sun God fighting a losing cosmic battle.

Aztec Warfare Objectives

Military tactics placing a high premium on capturing live prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice rather than killing them.

Inca Geography

An empire built along the South American Pacific coast and throughout the steep Andes mountains.

Inca Vertical Trade

An economic exchange system trading fish from coastal areas for agricultural crops grown at higher mountain altitudes.

Inca Empire Timeline

An Andean empire that lasted from 1438 to 1533.

Inca Bureaucratic State

A centralized empire headed by an emperor with governors presiding over small provinces.

Inca Integration Policies

Conquest rules requiring subject populations to learn the Inca language and acknowledge primary Inca gods.

Inca Labor Service (Mita)

A mandatory labor tax required from conquered peoples instead of tribute in goods.

Inca Women Specialists

Women trained in state ideology who worked producing textiles or served as priestesses.

Gender Parallelism

A social structure where men and women operate in different spheres with distinct gods and roles, but are considered equal.

Gender Roles in Aztec and Inca Empires

Division of labor where women performed domestic work and planting while men handled heavy labor, with both contributions valued equally.

Six Major Ministries

The executive administrative departments of Song China monitored directly by the Censorate.

Song Dynasty Economic Revolution

An economic shift making Song China the richest, most skilled, and most populous country in the world.

Chinese Canals Network

Inland water transit networks exceeding 1,000 miles that unified domestic commerce.

Korean Submission Rituals

Formal ceremonial acts performed by Korean envoys toward Chinese emperors to maintain peaceful relations.

Vietnamese Cultural Heartland

The Red River Valley area that was directly incorporated into the empire of China.

Japanese Island Isolation

Geographic separation from mainland Asia that rendered Chinese cultural borrowing voluntary.

Arab Empire Demographics (1200)

An empire spanning from Spain across North Africa to India.