Skeletal System

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Functions of bones

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide

short bones

cube shaped bones; found in the wrist and ankle

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

irregular bones

bones with a shape the does not fit in the other categories, such as the vertebrae, hip bones, and facial bones

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually becomes bone tissue

Frontal Bone

bone that forms the forehead

Occipital Bone

Bone at the back of the skull

Parietal Bone

two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium

Temporal Bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There are 2 of these, a right and left

Nasal Bone

forms the bridge of the nose

Mandible

lower jaw bone

Hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

Sacrum Vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae in the pelvis area

Coccyx Vertebrae

4 fused vertebrae that make up the tail bone

sterum

breast bone

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

Clavicle

collar bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerous

upper arm bone

Ulna

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Femur

thigh bone

Tibia

The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Tarsals

ankle bones

Functional Categories of Joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis

immovable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

structural classifications of joints

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

Fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Cartilaginous Joints

consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage; usually allow for slight movement with the exception of growth plates

synovial joints

joints that are filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction during movement

Bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; help protext synovial joints

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

Types of synovial joints

planar, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily; common in old age; can be prevented by proper nutrition and weight bearing exercise

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

Lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

open fracture (compound fracture)

bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

closed fracture (simple fracture)

The bone is broken but the skin is intact

reduction (of a broken bone)

Placing the bone back in position; can be closed (non-surgical), or open (surgical) depending on the severity and location of the fracture

Hematoma

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues; in this unit this is the first step of fracture healing

bone remodeling

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity.