AP Chemistry Review Flashcards

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts necessary for understanding the atomic structure, molecular bonding, thermochemistry, and chemical reactions in AP Chemistry.

Sig Fig

Significant Figures; the digits in a measurement that carry meaning contributing to its precision.

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance, represented by the equation Density = mass/volume.

Effective Charge (Zeff)

The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state.

Percent Composition

The percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons.

Percent Yield

A comparison of the actual yield of a reaction to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.

Empirical Formula

The simplest whole number ratio of the moles (or atoms) in the compound.

Molecular Formula

A chemical formula that indicates the number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed during a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed.

Hybrid Orbitals

The result of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, which are used in covalent bonding.

Lattice Energy

The energy required to break an ionic bond in a crystal lattice structure.

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

The forces of attraction or repulsion that act between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, ions).

Gas Pressure

The force exerted by gas particles colliding with the walls of their container.

Ideal Gas Law

An equation of state for an ideal gas: PV=nRT.

Calorimetry

The measurement of the quantity of heat exchanged in a chemical reaction.

Enthalpy (ΔH)

A measure of the total heat content of a system.

Chemical Reaction Classes

The categories of reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, redox, and combustion.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, calculated as -log[H+].