PSYC100 - Module 4: Behaviorism - Exam #1

What is behaviorism?

Claims that learning is from conditioning

Who was the founder of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Stimulus

Something that causes a response without learning

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response

Neutral Stimulus

Not related to anything, does not elicit a trained response

Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Response

The natural response to a unconditioned stimulus

A learned response to something that was previously neutral

What is higher order conditioning?

Neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired together

What is stimulus generalization?

After stimulus becomes conditioned for a response. Similar stimuli may produce similar reaction.

What is stimulus discrimination?

Ability to distinguish different stimulus and provide reinforcement for a specific response

What is operant conditioning?

Responses that create a pleasant outcome are likely to occur

Responses that create an unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again

Reinforcement

Increase behavior

Punishment

Decrease behavior

Positive

Adding something after behavior

Negative

Removing something after behavior

Fixed vs. Variable

Predictable vs. Unpredictable

Ratio vs. Interval

Action must be done to trigger reward

Time period must pass to trigger reward

Fixed-Ratio

Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of times

Variable-Ratio

Behavior is reinforced after an average, but predictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount time has passed

Variable-Interval

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable amount of time has passed

What is Shaping?

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations towards a target behavior

Reinforcing over time like a cat and treat

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

When you have two conflicting beliefs/actions?

What is extrinsic motivation?

Reinforcement and Punish

What is intrinsic motivation?

Value in the activity itself

Over-Justification Effect

Thinking you are doing something greater for what the action is

What is Habituation?

Getting used to something

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Presenting stimuli until the client has no response and remains calm

Helps for phobias

What is counter-conditioning?

Replacing an undesired response by replacing association

Positive response as a replacement

What is the Garcia response (aka. Taste Aversion)?

Avoiding a food that makes you sick (even though it might not be associated)

What is the Law of Effect?

Behavior is more likely to occur if it leads to a desirable

Primary reinforcers/punishers vs. Secondary reinforces/punishments

Natural desirable/averse

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement

You are reinforced/punished every time the behavior occurs

Partial Schedule of Reinforcement

Pattern in which the consequences only occur part of the time (Ratios/Intervals)

What is extinction in behavior?

Unlearning a behavior when reinforcement is no longer associated with it.

What is the order of the extinction graph?

Initial Behavior and Response → (Reinforcement Removed) → Extinction Burst → Extinction Occurs → Spontaneous Recovery

What is learned helplessness?

When an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation, and stops trying to change their circumstances, even if they have the ability to do so.