TOXI: Standardized tests have been developed for the following effects

Acute Toxicity

They provide data on the relative toxicity likely to arise from a single or brief exposure, or sometimes multiple doses over a brief period of time.

Subchronic Toxicity

These are employed to determine toxicity likely to arise from repeated exposures of several weeks to several months.

Chronic Toxicity

This determine toxicity from exposure for a substantial portion of a subject's life. They are similar to the subchronic tests except that they extend over a longer period of time and involve larger groups of animals.

Carcinogenicity

These are similar to chronic toxicity tests. However, they extend over a longer period of time and require larger groups of animals in order to assess the potential for cancer.

Reproductive Toxicity

This is intended to determine the effects of substances on gonadal function, conception, birth, and the growth and development of offspring. The oral route of administration is preferable.

Developmental Toxicity

This testing detects the potential for substances to produce embryotoxicity and birth defects

Dermal Toxicity

This determine the potential for an agent to cause irritation and inflammation of the skin

Ocular Toxicity

This was at one time determined by applying a test substance for 1 second to the eyes of 6 test animals, usually rabbits. The eyes were then carefully examined for 72 hours, using a magnifying instrument to detect minor effects. An ocular reaction can occur on the cornea, conjunctiva, or iris. It may be simple irritation that is reversible and quickly disappears.

Neurotoxicity

A battery of standardized neurotoxicity tests were developed to supplement the delayed neurotoxicity test in domestic chickens (hens). The hen assay determines delayed neurotoxicity resulting from exposure to anticholinergic substances, such as certain pesticides. The hens are protected from immediate neurological effects of the test substance and observed for 21 days for delayed neurotoxicity.

Genetic Toxicity

This is determined using a wide range of test species including whole animals and plants (for example, rodents, insects, and corn), microorganisms, and mammalian cells. A large variety of tests have been developed to measure gene mutations, chromosome changes, and DNA activity