ENG CH1 Prelim. Knowledge PT1

Subsystem patterning

Language patterns in written & spoken texts:

• Phonological patterning

• Morphological patterning

• Syntactic patterning

• Semantic patterning

Phonological patterning

repeated phonemes (individual sounds); concentrate on the sound, not the spelling

AACRRO:

Alliteration

Assonance

Rhythm

Rhyme

Consonance

Onomatopoeia

Alliteration

repetition of vowel or consonant phonemes at the BEGINNING of words

e.g prancing proud penguins "p"

Assonance

repetition of VOWEL phonemes in the start, middle or end

e.g fleet of jeeps "ee"

Fireflies light up the night sky “i”/”y”

Consonance

repetition of CONSONANT phonemes at the start, middle or end (syllable-final phonemes)

e.g bees in the trees buzzed with ease "s" and "zz"

Onomatopoeia

words that represent sounds

e.g squawk, hiccup

Rhythm

pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (aka intonation)

e.g poems such as shakespeare

Rhyme

words with the same final vowel phoneme and consonant phoneme

e.g in a house, lived a mouse “ouse”

Morphological patterning

lexical innovation and combining morphemes to coin new lexemes

BBAAASICCC

Blending

Backformation

Affixation

Abbreviation

Acronym

Shortening

Initialism

Compounding

Conversion

Contraction

Abbreviations

shortened form of one lexeme/phrase
Contains first letter and other letters, but not the last

Initialism

initials represent separate words, read seperately

e.g Work From Home (WFH)

Acronym

initials of each word but read as one word

e.g TAFE (Techinical and Further Education)

Shortenings

a shortened word, without any suffixes

Contractions

two words combined and shortened, using an apostrophe

Compounding

two full words combined into one

Blends

word created by combining two or more words, fused together

e.g barbiecore (female pink colour palette)

Archaisms

words not commonly used and old fashioned

e.g thee, thou, thy

Backformation

a word that is formed by removing part of a longer word

e.g noun enthusiasm —> verb enthuse

Conversion of word class

word changes its word class (part of speech) without any change in its form (spelling or pronunciation)

e.g bottle (n) —> to bottle (v)

Active voice

subject of a verb PERFORMS action e.g I ate the pie

Passive voice

subject of a verb RECEIVES action -used in formal texts to avoid responsibility or detail e.g The pie was eaten

Syntactic patterning

supports function/purpose, more memorable, draws attention & reinforce meaning, RHYTHM

PAL: parallelism, antithesis, listing,

Parallelism

repetition of syntactic structures two or more times in succession

rhetorical device used for emphasis, persuasion, balance and rhythm

e.g v/adj phrases work hard, stay focused

Antithesis

presenting contrasting ideas (thesis) near each other for juxtaposition

-creates balance, emphasis

-can use antonyms, irony or scale/size

e.g it was the best of times, it was the worst of times -Charles Dickens

Listing

present a series of ideas, introduced by a colon and separated by commas/semicolons

-provides clarity, emphasis, rhythm or builds an argument

Cohesion

use of grammatical & lexical techniques to link words together to create meaning
9 types/ECLAIRRS:

Ellipsis

Collocation

Lexical choice

Adverbials and conjunctions

Information flow,

Reference

Repetition

Substition

Lexical choices

role of content words in creating texts -creates cohesion using words related to a topic -4 types: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, hypernymy

Synonymy

words with equivalent/very similar meanings e.g and, also, in addition to.

Antonymy

words with opposite meanings -creates cohesion as words are easily contrasted/compared e.g hot and cold

Hyponymy

word that belongs/subtype of a hypernym e.g hyponym "cat" belongs to/part of hypernym "animals"

Hypernymy

larger category of terms -avoids repetition + varied texts

Ellipsis

ommission of words/phrases, where context or subject is previously referred to e.g I ate the berry and (I) thought it was delicious. Subject "I" is implied in the second clause

Repetition

Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis -substitution reduces this

Substitution

alternative words/phrases/clauses used in place of the original
-reduces repetition
e.g I met Stacy. The former gymnast... Stacy and former gymnast are alternatives

Collocation

Words that regularly appear next to or near each other -allows readers to predict the next word e.g Is it hot or... (cold) today?

Adverbials

words/phrases/clauses that provide info in terms of time, place or manner -signposting e.g firstly, immediately, finally

Coordinators

(aka coordinating conjunctions) words/phrases/clauses to add additions, comparisons or contrasts e,g and, or, but

Subordinators

(aka subordinating conjunctions) relationships between ideas in time, space or cause and effect e.g although, after, because

Information flow

how speakers convey meaning by organising and sequencing language to communicate with the intended audience

-purpose: emphasise important info, provide context, create contrast, maintain interest OR increase readability
-3 types: front focus, clefting, end focus

Front focus

new or important information at the front part of sentence

-SVO word order, but complements and adverbials placed BEFORE subject= front

Clefting

modification of syntax to emphasise an element -2 types: it- and wh-clefting

It-clefting

starts with "it" then conjugated form "to be" (am, are, is, was, were) then the [focus] then the subordinate clause e.g It is/am/are/was/were [cakes] I like to eat. Focus= [cakes]

Wh-clefting

starts with relative pronoun (a wh- word such as what/who/where or how) within a subordinate clause, then conjugated "to be" then [focus] e.g What I like to eat are [cakes]

End focus

new/important info placed at the end of a sentence -creates anticipation, surprise, or resolution -spoken texts, most recent thing the listener hears

Pragmatics

study of the use and meaning of the language in relation to the context

uses indirect and direct references

Reference

expression used to refer to a referent (another word/phrase/clause in the discourse/setting)

3 types: anaphoric, cataphoric, deictic

Anaphoric reference

when an author refers to something previously mentioned using pronouns or possessive determiners (called referring expressions) -to avoid repetition

e.g the possessive determiner "her" is an anaphoric reference to the referent "Pei"

Cataphoric reference

when an author refers to something later using pronouns or other referring expressions

-builds anticipation

-sets expectations

e.g He promised to help her, and Sailor never broke promises with Harri.

Personal pronoun "he" is a cataphoric reference to "Sailor"

Dietic reference

expression used to signal people, places, objects, times or situations

e.g 7 types of expressions: pronouns/determiners "that" personal pronouns "she" spatial adverbs "above" "here" "near" temporal adverbs "yesterday" "now" date/time expressions "Monday" "next week" adjectives "same", "next" "previous" adverbs of manner "so" "like this"

Textual coherence

the logical and meaningful organisation of a text arranging info, ideas, and elements of a text to create a clear message with smooth transitions

6 types: cohesion, inference, logical ordering, formatting, consistency, conventions