Openstax Chemistry Chapter 1

Chemistry

The study of composition, properties, and interactions of matter

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

micro, macro, symbolic

What are the 3 domains in chemistry?

Matter

Occupies space and has mass

Solid

A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume; rigid and has shape

Liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume; flows, takes shape of container (spherical in 0 gravity)

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume; takes shape and volume of container

Plasma

Gaseous state of matter containing a large number of electrically charged atoms and/or molecules

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

Weight

A measure of the force of gravity on an object; not the same as mass

Law of Conservation of Matter

What law states that matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change?

Pure Substance

A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Physical Property

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

Physical Change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

Chemical Property

A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances

Chemical Change

A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties from the original matter

Extensive Property

a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

Intensive Property

a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present

metals, metalloids, nonmetals

What are the 3 element classes?

Precise

yield very similar results when repeated

Accurate

values agree with the true value

density = mass / volume

What is the equation for density?

speed = distance / time

time = distance / speed

What is the equation for speed vs time?

Unit Conversion Factor

Ratio of equivalent quantities expressed with different units; used to convert from one unit to a different unit

273 K -> 0 degrees C -> 32 degrees F

What is the freezing temperature of water?

373 K -> 100 degrees C -> 212 degrees F

What is the boiling temperature of water?