Final Exam Review - Multiple Choice May-June 2025

Flashcards for the Final Exam Review.

Heliocentric Theory

The theory that the earth revolves around the sun.

Geocentric Theory

The theory that the earth is the center of the universe.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major changes in science, mathematics, and astronomy during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Isaac Newton's Contribution

Discovered the Law of Gravity.

Law of Gravity

Every object in the universe attracts every other object.

Scientific Method

Includes observation, hypothesis, and experimentation.

Renee Descartes' Contribution

Relied on mathematics and logic.

Age of Exploration

A period when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge.

Compass

A piece of technology that helped drive the Age of Exploration.

Portugal

The 1st country to start exploring new worlds during the Age of Exploration.

Spain

Hired Christopher Columbus to explore for a western route to the East Indies because of Portugal's success in exploration.

Fracisco Pizarro

Defeated the Incas in Peru to claim Peru for Spain.

Encomienda System

A form of serfdom or slavery for the indigenous population put in place by Spain.

Magellan

Found a southern route to Asia from Europe around the southern tip of South America.

Northwest Passage

The French, Dutch and British were looking for this passage to Asia.

France's Strategy in North America

Exploration and Trade.

Columbian Exchange

Viewed as the beginning of modern global trading.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and investment of resources for profit

Absolute Monarchs

Believed their authority came directly from God.

Divine RIght

Many Absolute Monarchs believed their authority came directly from God.

Spanish Empire wealth in 16th Century

Finding gold and silver in Spain's American Colonies.

English Bill of Rights in 1689

Parliament gained power.

Magna Carta

Document signed in 1215 that limited the power of the king.

The Glorious Revolution

William of Orange and his wife, Mary, took the throne of England.

Louis XIV

built the Palace at Versailles to demonstrate his power.

English Bill of Rights

Ruler could not suspend Parliament's laws or levy taxes without a grant or interfere with freedom of speech.

The Glorious Revolution

A bloodless overthrow of James II of England.

The Enlightenment

Revolution in intellectual activity that changed Europeans views of government and society.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Used logic, science and reason to understand the world around them.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed Absolute Monarchy was the best form of government.

John Locke

Believed if the government does not protect people's rights, the people have the right to overthrow the government.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed people were selfish and Wicked, and needed an absolute monarch to rule them.

John Locke

Believed people were reasonable beings that could govern their own affairs and look after society.

Navigation Act of 1651

Required Great Britain's United States colonies to sell their most valuable products only to Great Britain.

Declaration of Independence

The Enlightenment philosopher John Locke's ideas had a direct impact.

American Colonies declare independence

July 1776.

New Constitution in 1787

The bill of rights was added to gain broad support for the new constitution.

French Revolution

Helped encourage by Enlightenment ideas.

Estates General

The KIng, First, Second and Third Estate.

French Revolution causes

Enlightenment ideas, Weak Leadership by the King and Economic troubles in France.

Tennis Court Oath

The Third Estate's response to the King of France trying to stop the creation of the National Assembly

Storming of the Bastille

People of Paris stormed it on July 14, 1789 looking for ammunition/gunpowder.

Great Fear

Rioting in Paris in July 1789 spread across France.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights, included liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression and Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.

the reforms of the Catholic Church by the National Assembly

The primary reason the National Assembly took over all Church lands in France was The National Assembly wanted to sell the land to decrease France’s debts.

French Constitution

Made France a Constitutional Monarchy The radicals, the moderates, the conservatives

Threats during the French Revolution

During the French Revolution, Prussia and Austria, two Absolute Monarchies in Europe, threatened to destroy Paris if the French Royal Family was harmed.

Radicals, Jacobins

Dominated the changes to the new government (National Convention) established in September 1792.

The King of France

Reduced to a common citizen, tried him for treason and executed him via the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror

The National Convention was determined to destroy all of its enemies in France, which led to

The Directory

The last government of the French Revolution which had a two house legislature and a five person executive branch.

Sans-culottes

The working people of Paris.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Ruled from 1799 to 1814, Soldier turned Emperor!

Coup d'etat

Upon Napoleon's return from Egypt, he seized power in a bloodless.

Plebiscite

A vote of the people on an important governmental issue.

Continental System

Implemented by Napoleon which was intended to cut off Great Britain economically from Continental Europe.

Waterloo

In May 1815, Napoleon created an army and met the British and the Prussians here. Napoleon was defeated and exiled to St. Helena.

Congress of Vienna

European leaders looked to establish peace and stability in Europe in the aftermath of Napoleon.

Klemens von Metternich

The Austrian Foreign Minister, took the lead role in running the Congress of VIenna.

Nationalism

The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation - that is, to people with whom they share a culture and history - rather than to a king or empire.

Industrial Revolution

The key themes included new inventions and technologies drive industrialization, Industrialized Nations become World Leaders and Domestic and World Economies changed driven by how goods and services were created and distributed.

Agricultural Revolution

Preceded the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.

Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain because of

Great Britain’s Natural Resources and Political Stability in Great Britain

Factors of production

Land, Labor and Capital

Textile industry

What industry started the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

American invention in 1793

The cotton gin which helped drive the growth of the Textile Industry in Great Britain?

More efficient steam engine

Created by James Watt in 1765.

Industrial working conditions

Industrial working conditions were often focused on maximizing production, ignoring employee health and safety.

Industrial Revolution eventually expands beyond Great Britain to

The United States and parts of Continental Europe

The development of Corporations key

key to the development of the Industrial Revolution in the United States because Corporations sold shares to raise money to help companies grow.

1848 revolution in France

France moving from a Constitutional Monarchy to a Republic.

Imperialism

The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country.

Europeans split up Africa among themselves

Manifest Destiny b. Social Darwinism d. Alliance and War

Great Britain used tea to force China to open

Tea c. Opium

World War One competitive factor

Nationalism

Balance of Power

No nation or group of nations is strong enough to dominate all other nations

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria began

chain reaction that led to the start of World War One.

United States beginning of World War One

Neutral Party

Armistice

On November 11, 1918 The Allies and Germany signed an agreement ending World War One.

World War One goal of the French

Requiring Germany to take full responsibility for causing World War One

Communist's political and economic ideology

Based on the writings of Marxism

Interwar Years the stock market crash 1929 caused

US banks calling overseas loans b. US government putting tariffs on imported goods d. Unemployment increased around the world

Fascism

Political ideology adopted by Italy, Germany and Japan during the 1920’s and 1930’s.

Appeasement

example of by Great Britain and France the German Rearmament in the 1930’s.

World War Two beginning

Germany invaded Poland, that Great Britain and France guaranteed to protect

Germany allied with

USSR

Germany's WWII strategy was

the blitzkrieg, used in Poland, which combined Infantry, Planes and Tanks.

Allied Powers in WWII

Great Britain, USSR and the United States

Axis Powers in World War Two

Germany, Italy and Japan

D-Day

The Allied Invasion of Western Europe in 1944 that helped lead to the end of World War II

Truman

President of the United States, made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan on Hiroshima and Nagaski

Direct Warfare

Not a strategy used by the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War

Ended Cold War

The United States

United States advantages today

Our economy