Landis Key Terms Ch. 2-4
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60 Terms
Queen Elizabeth I
Protestant English queen who ascended the throne in 1558; intensified rivalry with Catholic Spain and encouraged sea dogs and colonization attempts.
Sir Francis Drake
Famous English "sea dog" who plundered Spanish treasure ships; knighted by Elizabeth I after circumnavigating the globe.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Organized the failed Roanoke Island colony in 1585, England's first attempt at colonization in the Virginia region.
Spanish Armada (1588)
Spain's massive naval fleet, defeated by England; marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish imperial power and boosted English confidence.
English "enclosure" of cropland
The practice of landlords fencing off farmland for sheep grazing, forcing small farmers off the land and creating a "surplus population" that fueled emigration.
Laws of "primogeniture"
English inheritance laws that gave estates only to the eldest son, pushing younger sons (like Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake) to seek fortune elsewhere, including in the colonies.
Joint-stock companies
Businesses where multiple investors pooled capital to fund colonial ventures, spreading financial risk; the forerunner of the modern corporation.
Virginia Company of London
The joint-stock company chartered by King James I that funded and founded the Jamestown colony in 1607.
Charter of the Virginia Company
A significant document that guaranteed colonists the same rights as Englishmen back home, setting a precedent for later colonies and fueling colonists' sense of entitlement to their "rights as Englishmen."
Jamestown, Va. (1607)
The first permanent English colony in North America, founded by the Virginia Company.
Capt. John Smith
Leader who saved Jamestown from collapse with his rule "He who shall not work shall not eat"; was allegedly saved by Pocahontas.
Pocahontas
Daughter of Chief Powhatan; associated with the (disputed) rescue of John Smith and later married John Rolfe, helping secure peace.
John Rolfe
Colonist who perfected tobacco cultivation, saving Virginia's economy, and married Pocahontas in 1614.
Lord De La Warr
Governor who arrived in 1610 and led aggressive military action against the Powhatan Indians using tactics learned fighting the Irish.
Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1614, 1644)
Conflicts between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy; the second war's outcome shaped future U.S. policy of separating Native and white settlement areas.
House of Burgesses (1619)
The first representative assembly in colonial America, established in Virginia the same year slavery began.
Lord Baltimore (1634)
Founded Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics
Maryland "Act of Toleration" (1649)
Guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland, though it still imposed the death penalty on non-believers in Christ's divinity.
Barbados Slave Code
A harsh 1661 law denying slaves basic legal rights; became the model for slave codes across England's mainland southern colonies.
Charles II/Restoration (1660)
The restoration of the English monarchy after Cromwell's rule; sparked renewed colonization efforts, including the Carolinas.
South Carolina
Colony tied closely to Barbados and the sugar islands; built its economy on rice and imported slave labor.
North Carolina
Settled by poorer squatters from Virginia; relied less on slavery and developed a reputation for independence.
Georgia/James Oglethorpe (1733)
The last of the original 13 colonies, founded as a military buffer against Spanish Florida and a haven for debtors.
Iroquois Confederacy
A powerful league of five (later six) Native nations in present-day New York that balanced power between European empires through diplomacy and warfare.