A&P II - UTA BIOL 2458 - Exam 1

Endocrine System Mode...

Blood borne and its messengers are hormones

Endocrine System...

Slow compared to the nervous system

Anterior Pituitary...

Hormone release stimulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Regulated by negative feedback. Hypothalamic hormones made by neurosecretory cells transported by hypophyseal portal system.

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary...

HGH,

Prolactin,

Luteninzing,

Follicle Stimulating Hormone,

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone,

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone,

ACTH

HGH or Human Growth Hormone...

Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that promote growth, and protein synthesis

TSH or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone...

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid

FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone...

Ovaries initiate development of oocytes; testes stimulate testosterone production

Luteinzing Hormone...

Ovaries stimulate ovulation; testes stimulate testosterone production

Prolactin PRL...

Promotes milk secretion by mammary glands

ACTH or Adrenocorticotropic Hormone...

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex

MSH or Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone...

Uncertain complete role probably regulates skin pigmentations

Posterior Pituitary...

Does not synthesize hormones. Stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

Oxytocin...

During and after delivery of baby affects uterus and breasts. Enhances smooth muscle contraction in wall of uterus. Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands.

ADH...

Decreases urine production by causing the kidneys to return more water to the blood. Decreases water lost through sweating and constriction of arterioles which increases blood pressure.

Thyroid Glands...

Produces Thyroxins and Calcitonin.

Throxin T3 and T4...

Both increase BMR, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production.

Calcitonin...

Produced by C cells in the thyroid they decrease blood calcium level.

Parathyroid Hormone...

Secreated by parathyroid glands its a major regulator of calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions in the blood. Increases number and activity of osteoclasts thereby elevates bone resorption.

Adrenal Medulla...

Releases epinephrine and norephinephrine. Increases sympathetic responses.

Adrenal Cortex...

3 mineralcorticoids: Aldosterone, Androgens and Glucocorticoids.

Aldonsterone...

Retains sodium in exchange for potassium.

Androgens...

Masculinizing effects.

Gucocortcoids...

Affect glucose homeostasis using hormones using cortisol.

Ovaries...

Produce estrogen and progesterone.

Testes...

Produces testosterone which regulates sperm production and secondary male characteristics.

Pineal Gland...

Releases melatonin which regulates sleep.

Thymus...

Its hormones help T cells mature. In children trains cells to attack, as you get older it becomes less and less useful (involution).

Water Soluable...

Binding of hormone to its receptor activates G protein which activates a secondary messenger.

Lipid Soluable...

Into the cell and cal alter DNA quickly.

Acramegaly...

Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

Gigantism...

When a tumor grows on the pituitary gland, the gland makes more growth hormone than the body needs. Other less common causes of gigantism may include: McCune-Albright syndrome: a disease that causes abnormal growth in bone tissue, patches of light-brown skin, and gland abnormalities.

Dwarfism...

Dwarfism can be caused by any of more than 200 conditions. Causes of proportionate dwarfish include metabolic and hormonal disorders such as growth hormone deficiency.

CUSHING'S Syndrome...

Too much ACTH, or Cortisol, or CRH. Causing a moon face and fat deposits.

Addison's Disease...

Not enough ACTH, Cortisol, or CRH. Can cause you to go into shock when stressed. Kennedy had this.

General Adaptation Syndrome...

Has to do with stress:

1. Initial Flight-or-Fight

2. Slower resistance reaction - Running out of Cortisol

3. Eventually exhaustion - running out of Cortisol will kill you

During Stress Cortisol...

Helps you break down proteins for more energy, synthesize oxygen, and swelling.

Whole Blood Sample...

55% plasma, 45% red blood cells.

Plasma...

Mostly water and some solutes that consist of proteins.

Plasma Proteins...

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Albumins...

Major type of proteins found in blood really important in osmotic pressure to draw water across membranes.

Fibronigen...

Liquid state until exposed clotting factors and forms thyrine the basis for clots.

Antibodies...

Protect from invasion of living organisms and toxins and parasites.

Types of Anemias...

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hemolytic anemia: sickle-cell anemia

Pernicious anemia.

Anemia...

Not enough oxygen carrying red blood cells, not enough iron.

Pronecious Anemia...

Lack of vitamin B12, and not enough intrinsic factor.

Basic Redistribution of Red Blood Cells when they're broken down...

No RBC, can't replicate so they wear out and are recycled in the spleen. Monocytes then digest it and the amino acids and heme is recycled.

Basic structure of Hemoglobin...

4 tertiary structure in a quetarney arrangement.

Heme...

Porphryn Ring.

Formed Elements and where they're derived from...

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Red bone marrow myleoid tissue.

Myleoid Tissue...

All formed elements but lymphocytes are formed here in the red bone marrow.

Neutrophils...

Microphages, die to kill, pus.

Eosnophils...

Microphages, die to kill, pus.