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factors contributing to increased demand for HSR
expanded role of federal government in healthcare, rise of healthcare spending, drive towards quality + outcomes, need to demonstrate the value of healthcare
population level
HSR focuses on ____ health: how is everyone affected by an illness, treatment, quality of treatment, cost, etc.
clinical trial results may look different in DC than Mississippi because age/demographics/ lifestyles/etc. are different
why is a randomized control trial essential for generalization?
empirical evidence
the only means by which scientists can corroborate, modify, and construct scientific theories
antecedent (confounding) variable
creates a spurious relationship between X and Y (can be eliminated through a control)
intervening variable
can explain some part of the relationship between X and Y (Z variable), where you live, secondhand smoke, age, family history etc.
exploratory research
form of research conducted when there is little knowledge on the relationships between variables
descriptive research
conducted to explain a well-defined phenomenon with detailed numerical descriptions
explanatory research
analytic/causal research that uses experimentation
narrow topic, identify related theories, identify and control relevant variables, suggest pertinent research design, procedures, and analysis
what is the point of a literature review?
need to demonstrate value of healthcare services
identify best practices, develop clinical guidelines, demonstrate cost-effectiveness, explain variations in practice, greater financial pressure
measured and observable
empiricism limits researchers to data that is
conceptualization
process of specifying and refining abstract concepts into concrete terms
conceptual frameworks
preliminary model of the problem, identifies relationships between critical variables, symmetric antecedent or intervening, should be based on literature
nominal definition
working definition for a project; captures major dimensions as agreed upon by scientific community
operational definition
specifies unique method of observation; indicates specific variables to be observed, and how theses are to be interpreted
groundwork
data sources, funding, research proposal
health measures, unit of analysis (individual, patient, ward, hospital, etc.), sample size matters
factors that determine which data set to use
private funding sources
Ford Foundation, Pew Charitable Trust, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Lilly Endowment
public funding sources
NIH, National Science Foundation, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, CMS