lymphatic system

erythorcyte

red blood cell

leukocyete

white blood cells

Lymphocyte

type WBC→ helps immune system

warrior of immune system

originate in bone marrow & mature into

T and b calles

cytokines

signal proteins act as chemical messangers

phagocyte (macrophage)

eat / destroy other cells

antigens

forgien pathogens that enter body

antibodies

respond to antigens

T-lymphocytes

t-cells

killer cells, attack pathogens

formed in bone marrow, but mature in thymus

responsible for cell mediated immune response

• cellular response produced by killer t-cell cytotoxic

  • primarily respond to infectious virus or forgein cells that are antigenically different to host

types of t-cells

cytotoxic/kille t cells

helper t-cell: regulate immune respnse through cytokines

suppressor t cels: down regulate immune response and prevent autoimmune attach

B lymphocytes

b-cells

remeber and establish anitbodies

made and mature in bone marrow, eventually reside in spleen and lymph nodes

pre-programmed to respond to particular antigens

responsible fo humoral antibody response

• b-cells and their plasma cells make antibodies w/ assistance of hleper t-cells, which stimulate b-cells to divide

  • placmnase cells= specialized introducing antibodies

  • memory b-cells

• primarily respond to antigens such as bacteria found in blood stream and extracellular fluid

lymphatic system

maintain internal fluid balance & assist immune functions

consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and various lymph organs

collect interstitial fluid and return it to blood stream

open circuit mimics circulatory system→ far reach accessing all organs

wherever there is circulation there is lymph, nodes act as filter, return to subclavian veins

modalities that support the lymphatic system

cups, hiva mat, norma tech, manual therapy

efflurage is light b/c node not like pressure

Lymphatic vessel characteristics

unidirectional flow back to heart

lack organs to pump fluid→ need ms to move

transport begins w/

• initial or terminal lymphatic = bind-ended sacs composed only of endothelial layer

  • interstitial fluid there after referred as lymph & move into lymphatic cappillaries

Extracellular matrix (interstitial fluid)

lymphatic vessels are interwoven between tisue cells & blood capillaries throughout loose ct

Lymph

latin for clear water/colorless fluid

interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels

consist of protein, salt, glucose, fat, WBC

Journey thorugh boday and eventuallydrain bacck into veous blood flow through successively larger and thicker walled channels as make way back to heart (collecting vessel→node→trunk→ duct)

Important regional lymph nodes:

cervical, axillary, inguinal

R lymphatic duct

empty at junction R internal jugular and R subclavian vein

• thoracic duct empties into junction of L internal jugular and L subclavian

  • cisternia chyli= most inferior part of thoracic duct

Lymph nodes

specialized lymphatic organ act as biologic filter (more in than out)

storage and activation of lymphocyte and macrophage for defense

found in clusters: neck, axilla, goin, popliteal, supraclavicular

afferent vs efferent

afferent= in

efferent= out

Primary lymphoid organs

where lymphocyte (t/b cells) frm and mature

secondary lymphoid organs

series of filters where lymphocytes are activated as part of immune response

Thymus (primary

located in superior mediastinum

large and active in kids, give way to atrophy @ onset of puberty/into adulthood

*all t cells mature by puberty (bone marrow changes)

promote production and maturation of T-cells

Bone Marrow (primary)

sponge tissue w./in bone

red marrow= production/maturation site for defense cells: t-cells (→mature in thymus,) and b-cells

over lifespan red bone marrow turn into fat tissue/yellow bone marrow

tonsils (secondary)

lymphoid tissue located in walls of pharynx, nasopharynx, and base of tongue

“first line of defense” of immune system *signals antigen as it enter body

Spleen (secondary)

largest lymphoid organ

located in ULQ of abdonmen (ribcage protects)

Functions:

• filter blood in body

• produce antibodies in response to blood borne anitgens

• red pulp: monitor and removes defective RBC from circulation

• white pulp: main source of circulating antibodies

Peyer’s Patch (secondary

lymphoid follicles located in the wall of the SI→ ileum

capture and destroy bacteria in SI

prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines

Appendix (secondary

located in RLQ

help maintain and restor intestinal flora following illness

differ from LI due to presence of follicles (similar to peyer patches)